<p>The Bishops Palace, also known as Greshams Castle, is an ornate 19,082 ft&sup2; Victorian-style house, located on Broadway and 14th Street in the East End Historic District of Galveston, Texas. The building was designed by Nicholas J. Clayton for Walter Gresham and completed in 1892. The Archidiocese of Galveston purchased the property in 1923 and used it as its headquarters for four decades, after which they opened it up for tours. In 2013, the Galveston Historical Foundation  acquired the property., GHF continues to maintain the property and keep it open for public tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built between 1887 and 1892 by Galveston architect Nicholas J. Clayton for lawyer and politician Walter Gresham, his wife Josephine, and their nine children.</p><br>
<p>Construction costs in 1892 are estimated at $250,000, while Clayton condensed many elaborate and eclectic design features onto a small homestead. Since Galveston experienced little population growth in the twentieth century, the high Victorian design of Bishops Palace and other Clayton works from the 1890s characterize the towns architectural landscape. Clayton alternated medieval and Renaissance details onto the four towers, each rising four stories. In addition to these four towers, several chimneys combine to create an illusion of a cluster of houses or a village. Clayton constructed other exterior features from a variety of Texas stones, including granite and sandstone, all custom-cut on site.</p><br>
<p>The Gresham mansion was made all of stone, and was sturdy enough to withstand the great hurricane of 1900. The Greshams welcomed hundreds of survivors of the hurricane into their home.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Galveston purchased the house, and, situated across the street from the Sacred Heart Church, it served as the residence for Bishop Christopher E. Byrne. After the diocesan offices were moved to Houston, the diocese opened the mansion to the public in 1963, with proceeds from tours being used to help fund the UT medical school&#39;s Newman Center, which operated in the basement.</p><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s Palace attained Recorded Texas Historic Landmark status in 1967. It was listed with the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and was added to the Galveston East End Historic District in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by the Galveston Historical Foundation and self-guided tours are available daily. A portion of each admission supports the preservation and restoration of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Galveston Historical Foundation (GHF) acquired Bishops Palace from the archdiocese in 2013 for $3 million. Most of the purchase price was funded by two large grants, one from the Moody Foundation for $1.5 million and the other from the Harris and Eliza Kempner Fund for $350,000. GHF started a multi-million dollar renovation of Bishops Palace in 2020, including a restoration of roof to its original copper tile construction and a renovation of the conservatory.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>Bishops Palace has four floors. The raised basement which once housed the kitchen and servants areas now contains the store. This basement is followed by three formal floors.</p><br>
<h3>First floor</h3><br>
<p>Entryway</p><br>
<p>Leading to the entryway are stairs cut from blue granite, framed by granite balustrades, and leading to an archway. The large doors are made of oak.</p><br>
<p>Main Hall</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the main hall is framed by marble pillars and two marble sculptures. Four polished marble pillars support the ceiling made of oak veneer. The main hall leads to four rooms. To the left, through carved double doors are two parlors. To the left, through another set of carved double doors, are the dining room and library.</p><br>
<p>Parlor</p><br>
<p>Music Room</p><br>
<p>Rotunda Staircase</p><br>
<p>Library/Office</p><br>
<p>The library is paneled in walnut and contains a marble fireplace and mantel.</p><br>
<p>Dining Room</p><br>
<p>The Dining Room was surrounded by service rooms, with access from the kitchen, servants hall, and butlers pantry.</p><br>
<p>Conservatory</p><br>
<p>Pantry</p><br>
<p>Kitchen - This room was originally just a warming kitchen, but Bishop Byrne expanded the room.</p><br>
<p>Servant&#39;s Hall</p><br>
<p>The servant&#39;s hall was located at the rear of the house, behind the kitchen. It has access to a service stairway, and an elevator, which replaced the dumbwaiter originally installed in the house.</p><br>
<p>Coat Closet - The coat closet is tucked around the back side of the rotunda staircase and contains a Pullman sink from the famed Pullman railcars.</p><br>
<h3>Second floor</h3><br>
<p>Living Room - The Gresham family often listened to music here during the hot summer months.</p><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s Bedroom - This was originally a bedroom of one of the Gresham daughters, but Bishop Byrne chose it for his own with its private balcony and lighting. He converted the closet into a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Chapel - This was also previously one of the Gresham daughter&#39;s bedrooms. When the Diocese moved in, the windows were replaced with stained-glass, and a fresco depicting the four gospel writers was painted on the ceiling. The room was also outfitted with an altar and six prayer kneelers.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Gresham&#39;s Room</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Gresham&#39;s Room</p><br>
<p>Bathroom - The tub in this bathroom is of note for its three spigots: one for hot, one cold, and one for rainwater.</p><br>
<p>Bedroom for guests or the children&#39;s governess.</p><br>
<h3>Third floor</h3><br>
<p>The boys&#39; rooms</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Gresham&#39;s art studio</p><br>
<p>Additional storage</p><br>
<p>The Goodyear Airdock is a construction and storage airship hangar in Akron, Ohio. At its completion in 1929, it was the largest building in the world without interior supports.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building has a unique shape which has been described as "half a silkworm&#39;s cocoon, cut in half the long way." It is 1,175 ft long, 325 ft wide, and 211 ft high, supported by 13 steel arches. There is 364,000 square feet (34 000 m) of unobstructed floor space, or an area larger than 8 football fields side-by-side. The airdock has a volume of 55 million cubic feet (or about 1.5 million cubic meters). A control tower and radio aerial sit at its northeast end. At each end of the building are two huge semi-spherical doors that each weigh 600 tons (544 000 kg). At the top, the doors are fastened by hollow forged pins 17 in in diameter and 6 ft long. The doors roll on 40 wheels along specially-designed curved railroad tracks, each powered by an individual power plant that can open the doors in about 5 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The airdock is so large that temperature changes within the structure can be very different from that on the outside of the structure. To accommodate these fluctuations, which could cause structural damage, a row of 12 windows 100 ft off the ground was installed. Furthermore, the entire structure is mounted on rollers to compensate for expansion or contraction resulting from temperature changes. When the humidity is high in the Airdock, a sudden change in temperature causes condensation. This condensation falls in a mist, creating the illusion of rain, according to the designer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1929, Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation, later Goodyear Aerospace, sought a structure in which "lighter-than-air" ships (later known as airships, dirigibles, and blimps) could be constructed. The company commissioned Karl Arnstein of Akron, Ohio, whose design was inspired by the blueprints of the first aerodynamic-shaped airship hangar, built in 1913 in Dresden, Germany.</p><br>
<p>Construction took place from April 20 to November 25, 1929, at a cost of $2.2 million (equivalent to $ million in ).</p><br>
<p>The first two airships to be constructed and launched at the airdock were, in 1931, and its sister ship.</p><br>
<p>When World War II broke out, enclosed production areas were desperately needed, and the airdock was used for building airships. The last airship built in the airdock was the USA Navy&#39;s ZPG-3W in 1960. The building later housed the photographic division of the Goodyear Aerospace Corporation.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Goodyear Airdock was designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.</p><br>
<p>The airdock served as the site of the 1986 kickoff rally for the United Way of Summit County, where more than 350,000 members of the public visited. Bill Clinton spoke there during his 1992 election campaign.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Loral Corporation purchased Goodyear Aerospace and the Goodyear Airdock as a result of James Goldsmith&#39;s greenmailing of Goodyear. The Loral Corporation (and its holdings, including the Goodyear Airdock) was purchased by Lockheed Martin in 1996.</p><br>
<p>California company LTA Research and Exploration, together with the University of Akron, plans to use the airdock to develop electric-powered airships.</p><br>
<p>The airdock is not open to the public, but it can be seen by those traveling on USA Route 224 east of downtown Akron.</p><br>
<p>Mikveh Israel Cemetery is the oldest Jewish cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, giving evidence of a settled community as early as 1740. A number of outstanding patriots, pioneers, and other notables of the Jewish faith who made important contributions to the history and freedom of America during the Colonial and Revolutionary period were interred here, and for this reason, in 1959, by an act of Congress, the burial ground was designated as a unit of the Independence National Historical Park, while continuing to be maintained by the sponsoring Congregation Mikveh Israel. The cemetery was certified by the Philadelphia Historical Commission, and in 1971, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The site is 60x80 feet, less than 0.2 acre in size, and is located in the Washington Square West neighborhood, in the center city section of Philadelphia, about mi west and mi south of Independence Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mikveh Israel Cemetery was originally a private burial ground for the family of Nathan Levy. In 1738, one of Levys children died. Rather than bury the child in unsanctified ground, he applied to John Penn (chief of Pennsylvanias proprietary government at that time) for "a small piece of ground" with permission to make it a family cemetery. This property was at the corner of 9th and Walnut Streets, the present site of the Walnut Street Theatre. Two years later, Nathan Levy secured a larger plot from the Penn family at the present location of Mikveh Israel Cemetery. This was meant to be a permanent burial ground for the entire Jewish community of Philadelphia. Levy was buried there upon his death in 1753.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery in 1740 was a 30 x 30 plot. In 1752, Nathan Levy received an additional grant of land north of the first plot. In 1765, John Penn granted Mathias Bush an adjacent piece of ground for burial purposes. By that time, the burial place was managed by the Sephardic synagogue Congregation Mikveh Israel (official name: קהל קדוש מקוה ישראל, Kahal Kadosh Mikveh Israel, or "Holy Congregation Hope of Israel"), founded in 1740 and still active in the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>In 1791, the Congregation appointed trustees for the burial ground, and in 1793, the Levy family recognized the right of the Congregatin Mikveh Israel to the Spruce Street Cemetery. However the dissensions among the descendants of the buried still disputed the right of ownership, until April 14, 1828, when the Legislature passed an act giving the burial ground to the Jews of Philadelphia, with the names of the trustees affixed to the petition.</p><br>
<p>After the purchase of the Federal Street Cemetery, the burials on Spruce Street had almost ceased, the last recorded one being Hetty Pesoa, July 3, 1886. Mikveh Israel would acquire the Beth El Emeth Cemetery in 1895. In the present day, Congregation Mikveh Israel continues to steward these three cemeteries.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>Many distinguished Americans are buried in Mikveh Israel Cemetery. They include:</p><br>
<p>Nathan Levy (1704–1753), a merchant, he was the founder of the Jewish community of Philadelphia and established first Mikveh Israel Cemetery. Born in New York City, he moved to Philadelphia at a young age where he would engage in business with David Franks, under the firm name of Levy & Franks, this being the first Jewish business-house in Philadelphia. Levy&#39;s ship, Myrtilla, was long reputed to have transported the Liberty Bell from England to Philadelphia in 1752 (though the Hibernia, captained by William Child, is more likely to have transported the bell).</p><br>
<p>Lucy Marks (1823), Lucy Marks was a slave owned by the Marks Family. Lucy took her owners surname which was common practice during slavery during this era. Lucy observed the traditions of Judaism and was a member of Congregation Mikveh Israel in the 1790s. Upon her death in 1823, the family applied for the customary burial in the synagogues cemetery. After a short delay and intense support from other members, Lucy was buried in an unmarked grave</p><br>
<p>Haym Solomon (1740–1785), Polish-born patriot and financier of the American Revolution, arrived in New York in 1772, joined the Sons of Liberty, one of George Washington&#39;s personal friends, captured and sentenced to death by the British in 1776, used his knowledge of German (he spoke eight languages) to convince his Hessian jailer to escape with him to Philadelphia, where he arrived penniless.</p><br>
<p>Michael Gratz (1740–1811), signed the Maryland&#39;s Resolution of Non-Importation of 1765 to protest the Stamp Act, and, with his brother Barnard Gratz, encouraged the opening of the West to settlement.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Gratz (1790–1856), son of Michael Gratz, served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and State Senate, veteran of the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Gratz (1781–1869), daughter of Michael Gratz, noted for her philanthropy, regarded as the model for the character Rebecca in Walter Scott&#39;s Ivanhoe, and the first Jewish female college student in the United States (at Franklin College, later part of Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania).</p><br>
<p>Aaron Levy, founder of Aaronsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania in 1786. Named for him, Aaronsburg is the first town in Pennsylvania (and probably in the entire United States) that was planned by and named after a Jew. He was also a known benefactor of Christian churches there. A pioneer and fur trader, he was a close friend and financial supporter of Haym Salomon.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Nones (1757–1826), born in France, he served on the staffs of both General Washington and General Lafayette. While still a private under Count Pulaski, he received a letter of commendation in 1779 written by Captain Verdier, a splendid testimonial to his courage. He fought in almost every action in the Carolinas. Nones became a Major of the Hebrew Legion of 400 men attached to Johann de Kalb’s command. Several years after the war, he was appointed an interpreter of Spanish and French for the United States government.</p><br>
<p>John Moss (1771–1847) Philadelphia merchant, shipping magnate, and civic leader.</p><br>
<p>Phillip Moses Russell, with the Continental Army at Valley Forge and surgeon&#39;s mate to General Washington.</p><br>
<p>At least 21 Jewish soldiers of the Revolutionary War, and others from the War of 1812 and the Civil War, are interred in the burial grounds, including: Coshmon Pollock, the patriot from Georgia who fought in the siege of Savannah during the Revolution; Jacob I. Cohen, who fought in Pulaski&#39;s South Carolina campaign; Joseph Phillips, Benjamin Phillips, Abraham Mitchell, and Elias Pollock, veterans of the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery ceased to be a regular place of burial in 1886 except for the interment of Josephine Etting in 1913, Fanny Polano Elmaleh, wife of Reverend Leon H. Elmaleh, in 1966, and Reverend Leon H. Elmaleh in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Boardman House, also known as the Scotch-Boardman House or the Bennett-Boardman House, is a historic house located at 17 Howard Street, Saugus, Massachusetts. Built in 1692, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 because of the remarkable amount of original building material still present in the house. It has been owned by Historic New England since 1914, and is open to the public on select weekends between June and October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The property was purchased by William Boardman, with a different house standing on it, in 1686. Although this house was long thought to have been built not long after this purchase, dendrochronology research on its beams confirms a later construction date of 1692.</p><br>
<p>The house as first built had two rooms per floor, with a central chimney. On the ground floor it has a parlor and hall, with two bedrooms above, and an attic above the bedrooms. By 1696 a characteristic lean-to was added at the rear for the kitchen and milkroom giving it the appearance of a saltbox. This lean-to was completely rebuilt in 1731, reusing some of the timbers of the old one. There are five fireplaces in the house, one in each of the original rooms, and another in the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Although the house&#39;s general shape has not changed since this time, its original leaded-glass windows were at some point replaced with more modern sash windows, two original front gables were removed, and in about 1725 a new interior staircase was added.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by members of the Boardman family from its construction until 1911, when the property was sold to a developer. Concerns over the preservation of the landmark house brought it to the attention of William Sumner Appleton, who purchased the house in 1914 for the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, now Historic New England. The society restored most of the house to its original late 17th/early 18th-century appearance, removing wallpaper and other 19th-century artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Jeremiah Lee Mansion is a historic house located in Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is operated as a house museum by the local historical society. Built in 1768, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 as one of the finest Late Georgian houses in the United States. It features original wallpaper and finely-crafted woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is a large wooden house in the Georgian style, with imitation stone ashlar facade, built in 1768 by Colonel Jeremiah Lee, at that time the wealthiest merchant and ship owner in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The facade may be based on Plate 11 of Robert Morris&#39; influential patternbook Rural Architecture (London 1750; retitled Select Architecture in later eds.). It was one of the largest and most opulent houses of the late-colonial period in America.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is now owned by the Marblehead Museum and Historical Society. It contains a notable collection of early American furniture, and many of the mansion&#39;s original decorative finishes have been preserved, including rare 18th-century English hand-painted wallpaper, intricate carving in the rococo style, and a grand entry hall and staircase paneled with mahogany. On either side of its landing are copies of the full-length portraits of Jeremiah and Martha Lee by John Singleton Copley.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Abbot Hall is a town hall and historical museum located at 188 Washington Street, Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is open year-round, though with restricted hours in the colder months. Constructed in 1876 and designed in the Romanesque style by Lord & Fuller architects, the Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property in the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Abbot Hall is the fourth town hall built in Marblehead, preceded by the First Meeting House (1638, Old Burial Hill), the Old Meeting House (1696), and the Old Town House (1727). Abbot Hall is named after a barrel maker and trader named Benjamin Abbot. When Benjamin Abbott died in 1872, he donated his fortune to the town of Marblehead.</p><br>
<p>In addition to serving as the seat of Marbleheads town government, Abbot Hall has holdings as a museum. It contains the original The Spirit of 76 by Archibald MacNeal Willard, which was widely reproduced, the 1684 deed to Marblehead signed by descendants of Wenepoykin, youngest son of Nanepashemet, chief or sachem of the regional Pawtucket confederation of Abenaki peoples prior to Pilgrim settlement, a bust of native son and USA vice president Elbridge Gerry, a painting of Marbleheaders rowing George Washington across the Delaware River during the American Revolutionary War, a painting by primitivist J.O.J. Frost, and a number of other historical artifacts. A plaque on display in the Selectmen&#39;s room, discovered in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, proclaims Marblehead the "Birthplace of the American Navy."</p><br>
<h2>Clock</h2><br>
<p>The clock in the tower of Abbot Hall is a Howard #2S installed in 1877; it is governed by a 10 ft pendulum escapement, driven by an 86 lb weight. The clangor escapement is governed by a flutter vane assembly and is powered by a 292 lb weight. The Bell was cast by Meneely & Kimberly in Troy, New York and donated by James J. H. Gregory Every week the maintenance workers ascend the tower to wind the movements. Local authors have featured the clock in numerous stories.</p><br>
<p>The John Humphreys House, also known as Sir John Humphreys House, is a historic house museum located in Swampscott, Massachusetts. Although it was long thought to be associated with John Humphrey, an early deputy governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was more likely built about 1700, based on architectural analysis. In 1641 Deborah Moody bought the Humphrey house  and 900 acres when the Humphreys returned to England giving her over 1300 acres of what would become Swampscott, Massachusetts. The house was originally located on what is now Elmwood Road , but moved to its current location in 1891 as the Olmsted district was developed. It is currently owned by the Swampscott Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Wailua River State Park and the Wailua Complex of Heiaus, which it includes, are located on the eastern side of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The park consists primarily of the Wailua River valley, which is the only navigable river in Hawaii. Visitors to this park can kayak, take riverboat cruises and explore the rainforest. Even motorboats and water skiing are permissible on the river.</p><br>
<h2>Wailua Complex of Heiaus</h2><br>
<p>The Wailua Complex of Heiau, a National Historic Landmark, The historical value of these sites are irreplaceable to the Hawaiian culture. They worked with each other, and other heiau on other islands, such as Puu O Mahuka Heiau on the island of Oahu.</p><br>
<p>Hikinaakalā (Rising of the Sun) Heiau, which includes the Hauola place of refuge (puuhonua) and the Ka Pae Kii Mahu O Wailua ancient petroglyphs, is located at the mouth of the Wailua river adjacent to Lydgate State Park. Legend says that ancient Kauaʻi ruler, Ola, asked the menehune to build this heiau and name it Hauola, after his father&#39;s city of refuge in Kekaha, Kauaʻi. It was constructed prior to 1200 AD. This heiau is tied to Puʻu O Mahuka Heiau and other Polynesian islands.</p><br>
<p>Malae, also known as Malaea or Makaukiu or Mana Heiau, was a walled and paved luakini (sacrificial) heiau totalling a little over two acres. It is currently the largest heiau on Kauai, after the destruction of Kuhiau Heiau at Kalapaki. Kuhiau Heiau had a companion heiau that was used in tandem by Kahuna (native doctors/scientists) in its heyday, and so did Malae Heiau. The companion of Malae Heiau was Poliahu Heiau, that sits on a northern bluff across Wailua River.</p><br>
<p>Holoholokū Heiau, also known as Kalaeokamanu, adjacent to the pōhaku hoohānau (birthing stone) and pōhaku piko (navel/umbilical stone), where women of high rank would give birth and bury their afterbirth and umbilical cords.</p><br>
<p>Poliahu (also spelled Poliahu) Heiau, a walled and paved large luakini heiau, over one acre, high on the narrow ridge between Ōpaekaa Stream and Wailua River. It had a view of other heiau in the complex, and its companion Malae heiau especially, was in plain view. Poliahu Heiau, Wailua Bellstone, Holoholokū Heiau, Pohaku Hoʻohanau, and Pohaku Piko are all in the vicinity of Puʻuki Ridge and are also a part of Poliahu State Park.</p><br>
<p>Bellstone (on the same Puʻuki ridge), used to announce important events, such as royal births, a royal procession approaching, or war canoes are entering Wailua Bay. It was believed to have been destroyed in ancient Hawaiian times but it was photographed in 1988 by Helene Dunbar.</p><br>
<p>Of these, only Holoholokū has been largely restored.</p><br>
<h3>Heiau images</h3><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wailua was the land of the alii (kings) and was one of the largest ahupuaa (subdivisions) on Kauai. It is said that King Kaumualiis favorite place to live was in Wailua. The huakai po (Ghost Warriors) are said to walk ancient trails along the river at night up to Mount Waiʻaleʻale. Wailua has many moo ōlelo (ancient stories) of the area that begins at Hikinaakalā heiau to Kaawakoo atop Mount Waialeale, the area long known as the King&#39;s highway, and it is still very sacred to many Hawaiians.</p><br>
<p>Swampscott Town Hall, previously the Elihu Thomson House, is a historic building in Swampscott, Massachusetts. The house was designed by architect James T. Kelley and built in 1889 for the noted inventor, electrical engineer, and industrialist Elihu Thomson . Thomson was, with Edwin J. Houston, co-founder of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company which would later merge with Thomas Edison&#39;s Edison General Electric Company to become the General Electric Company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Swampscott Town Hall is set on an expansive lot overlooking the town&#39;s soldiers memorial and Linscott Park in the town center. It is a two-story brick Georgian Revival structure with a tiled hip roof that is crowned by a low balustrade with turned balusters and urn-topped posts. The main facade is asymmetrically fenestrated, but there are symmetrically placed gable dormers in the roof, and the entrance is in a slightly off-center gable-topped projection. The building corners, as well as those of the entry section, have Ionic stone pilasters at the corners. The main entrance is sheltered by a round portico supported by fluted Corinthian columns, which supported an entablature with a carved frieze. The portico is topped by a balcony with a low railing slightly different from that on the roof. Above the entrance is a French door flanked by stone fluted Corinthian pilasters, and topped by a scrollwork pediment. Large windows on either side of the entrance on the first floor are topped by similar pediments.</p><br>
<p>Upon entry through the front door, there is a vestibule lit through stained-glass windows, followed by a panelled entry hall, which leads to a large two-story living space in the rear of the house, from which a grand staircase rises to the second floor. Pocket doors from these halls lead to what were formerly living and dining rooms at the front of the house, and there is a small guest bathroom immediately left of the vestibule in the front projection. A significant portion of the woodwork in the downstairs has been lost due to the buildings conversion for municipal use, but the living room, which now serves as the selectmens office, and the central hall are largely intact. Also well-preserved is one of the children&#39;s bedrooms upstairs, which has a Moorish theme.</p><br>
<p>Behind the main house is Thomson&#39;s original carriage house, which was originally connected to the main house by a covered walkway, since replaced by an enclosed passage. This alteration resulted in the loss of a projecting bow window. Above the carriage house is a space that was used by Elihu Thomson as a laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by James T. Kelley in collaboration with Harold S. Graves, a team that also designed the Swampscott Public Library (completed 1917). Elihu Thomson, their client, is said to have taken an active role in the design of the structure, selecting interior finishes and other details. Thomson lived, and frequently also worked on his inventions, at the property until his death in 1937. It was presented by his heirs to the town in his memory, and is now known as the Elihu Thomson Memorial Administration Building.</p><br>
<p>Elihu Thomson was born in Manchester, England, and came to the United States as a child. Showing an early aptitude for research and experimentation, he taught at a Philadelphia high school, and developed a practical arc lamp system with a colleague. Funded by New England businessmen, this idea was commercialized, and the Thomson-Houston Electric Company was by 1890 a leading maker of electrical equipment. In 1892 it merged with Thomas Edison&#39;s Edison General Electric Company to form the company known today as General Electric. His contributions to science and engineering thereafter include a wide range of practical advances in the application of electricity, and included more than 700 patents. Thomson is also credited with establishing the idea that industrial research and development was an important component of a successful business, including the creation of laboratories that perform pure scientific research.</p><br>
<p>Huntington Tower, earlier known as FirstMerit Tower, First National Bank Building, the First Central Tower and the First Central Trust Building, is a skyscraper in Akron, Ohio. The centerpiece of downtown Akron, it sits in the Cascade Plaza at the corner of King James Way and East Mill Street. The 330 ft tower has been the city&#39;s tallest building since its completion in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The 27-story building is art deco in style and is covered in glazed architectural terra-cotta. Its lobby is built of Tennessee marble, white brick, and terra cotta, and features a large banking hall with arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The tower is also noted for its role in local broadcasting. Studios for WAKR radio were originally housed in the ground level from 1940 until 1953. Erected in 1953 for WAKR-TV&#39;s sign-on and later donated to PBS member station WEAO, the antenna reached a height of 134.7 m but was removed in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower replaced the neo-Gothic Hamilton Building, completed on the site in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Around 2000, the tower was given a $2.5 million facelift, including a $1.8 million restoration of the tower&#39;s terra-cotta, brick, and limestone facade. The painstaking process involved the removal of some 450 blocks weighing up to 75 lb for cleaning and reassembly. Over 1,100 other pieces of the masonry and tilework were repaired on site. VIP Restorations also helped to get the building placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s name changed after Huntington acquired FirstMerit in 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, Huntington announced the building was for sale.</p><br>
<p>Halcyon House is a Federal-style Its gardens were designed by Pierre LEnfant, and for several decades in the early 19th century Halcyon House was the center of much of Washingtons social life.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the death of his wife and his finances declining, Stoddert transferred ownership of Halcyon House in 1802 to his daughter, Elizabeth Ewell, and her husband, Thomas. Thomas and Elizabeth&#39;s sixth child, Richard S. Ewell, was born in the house in 1817, and he went on to become a noted Confederate general during the American Civil War under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee. The Ewells vacated the home in 1818. A succession of owners had possession of the house over the next 80 years.</p><br>
<p>Halcyon House was sold in 1900 to Albert Clemens, a nephew of Mark Twain. The original structure was heavily altered over the next 38 years as Clemens renovated the house and added structures. Clemens believed that perpetually rebuilding the house would extend his life. The coach house was joined to the building, the north face and rear of the house added onto extensively with apartments, rooms were built within rooms, hallways added and then walled off, and even a small crypt added in one room. After Clemens&#39; death, the house stood unoccupied for four years until purchased by Dorothy W. Sterling, the wife of the USA Ambassador to Sweden. Ownership changed again in 1951, and Georgetown University bought the property in 1961 and used it as a dormitory.</p><br>
<p>Halcyon House was purchased by architect Edmund Dreyfuss in 1966 and, as of 2009, was occupied by his son, noted sculptor John Dreyfuss. and during the period Dreyfuss maintained residency and ownership, served primarily as a venue for special events. Halcyon House was put on the market in 2008 for $30 million. It was re-listed in January 2010 and, as of September 20, 2010, had been on the market for 250 days and was listed at $19.5 million.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011 the Halcyon House sold for a price of $12.5 million to Dr. Sachiko Kuno, and Dr. Ryuji Ueno, just two weeks after the price was lowered from $15 million. The house is currently used as headquarters for Halcyon, a non-profit whose mission is to "accelerate the impact-driven future of business."</p><br>
<p>The Grand Opera House, often called The Grand and originally known as the Academy of Music, is a historic opera house located in Macon, Georgia, United States. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, it is now the performing arts center of Mercer University.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Academy of Music was constructed in 1884 with the largest stage in the southeastern United States and seating for 2,418, almost one-fifth of Macon&#39;s population at the time. The building was renovated in 1905; the present seven-story facade was added and the building reopened as the Grand Opera House.</p><br>
<p>The Grand has had numerous historic uses; live horses and chariots appeared in a 1908 production of Ben-Hur and during World War I, actor Charlie Chaplin led the John Philip Sousa band for a fundraising effort. The theater has also hosted, among others, Sarah Bernhardt, Will Rogers, George Burns and Gracie Allen, Lionel Barrymore, Ethel Barrymore, Bob Hope, the Allman Brothers Band, and Ray Charles. The Allman Brothers Band, Wet Willie and The Marshall Tucker Band appeared at The Grand on an October 1973 episode of Don Kirshner&#39;s Rock Concert entitled "Saturday Night In Macon."</p><br>
<p>Magician Harry Houdini was also a featured player at the Grand, leaving a well-known legacy: the stage sports a number of trap doors, one of which remains operational and is used occasionally today in performances such as annual production of The Nutcracker ballet. Local lore claims that the trap doors were installed specifically for Houdini.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, as the popularity of vaudeville waned, the Grand changed to a movie theater, hosting Macons only Hollywood premiere, 1945s God is My Co-Pilot.</p><br>
<h2>Revival</h2><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the Grand had ceased showing movies and plans were made to replace it with a parking lot. Those plans were blocked in 1967 by the Macon Arts Council, a group formed to save and restore the Grand; the group held a fundraising gala featuring the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and had the property placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Among the founders of the group was Macon architect Ellamae Ellis League who also supervised a restoration of The Grand so it could reopen as a live theater in 1969. (The second balcony, or peanut gallery, remained closed to the public and was dedicated to lighting equipment at this time, reducing the maximum seating to its current number of 1,030). Fund-raising efforts continued through the next several decades, with ongoing physical plant upgrades, with another renovation taking place in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Mercer University signed a lease with Bibb County to manage the Grand. Subsequently, Mercer has invested in upgrading the facility to modern standards as well as making it a fixture for community events. Today, the Grand hosts many Broadway touring companies, concerts (such as those of the Macon Symphony Orchestra), community theatre productions (including the aforementioned Nutcracker holiday show), and other performances and events.</p><br>
<p>The Soo Line Building is a 19-story residential highrise in Minneapolis, Minnesota which was the tallest commercial building in the city from the time it was completed in 1915 until the 26-story Foshay Tower was built in 1929.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Soo Line Building was built for the First National Bank of Minneapolis, a predecessor of todays USA Bancorp (USA Bank). The building was designed by the Beaux-Arts master Robert W. Gibson. The building later served for many years as headquarters of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, which added an iconic clock to the corner of the buildings street level. For commercial purposes, it was sometimes referred to by its address, 501 Marquette.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian Pacific Railway became a major shareholder for the Soo Line in 1890. The MStP&SSM merged with numerous CP subsidiaries in 1961 to form the "new" Soo Line Railroad.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s, a remodeling operation transformed the building into small offices. The marble floors were covered with carpet.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the Soo purchased trackage from the bankrupt Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad ("Milwaukee Road") and usurped it a year later. CP purchased the company outright in 1990; the Calgary-based railway&#39;s USA headquarters then took over the space for its 400 employees.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2008.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the building was purchased by Michigan-based developer Village Green Properties for $11.3 million; after the commercial tenants were relocated, Village Green began conversion of the property in October 2012 into a 254-unit luxury apartment building with a street-level restaurant, scheduled for completion in Fall 2013. In 2012, the CP moved out of the building.</p><br>
<p>The first residents of the remodeled building moved in by the end of 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The building is located across Marquette Avenue from the 510 Marquette Building, the original Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. A skyway connects the building to its neighbor across 5th Street South. Residents&#39; amenities include a rooftop, an indoor/outdoor pool, and a hot tub on the 20th floor.</p><br>
<p>In front of that building is the Nicollet Mall station of the Blue and Green light rail lines. Nearby is Canadian Pacific Plaza, renamed after the Canadian Pacific Railroad moved in after vacating the Soo Line Building.</p><br>
<p>Located in Salem, Massachusetts and owned by the Peabody Essex Museum the Cotting–Smith Assembly House was built in 1782 and is located at 138 Federal Street in the Federal Street District. Built as a Federalist Clubhouse in which balls, concerts, lectures, and other events might be held. George Washington attended a dance here. The original architect is unknown, but the house was later remodeled by Samuel McIntire for use as a private residence. The house is in the Federal style and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The building can be rented for special events.</p><br>
<p>The Peirce–Nichols House is a historic house museum located at 80 Federal Street in Salem, Massachusetts. Designed early in the career of noted Salem builder Samuel McIntire , and modified later by him, the building gives a unique view into the methods and styles of McIntire. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its significance as an early masterwork of one of the country&#39;s first recognized master builders. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jerathmiel Peirce (1747–1827), began his career as a leather dresser. In about 1778, he formed a partnership with Aaron Waite, and purchased a two-gun schooner, the Greyhound, to serve as a privateer against British merchant vessels in the Revolutionary War. The partnership prospered, and over the next half a century, purchased/built at least 10 vessels, sending them to ports around the world. In 2000, the National Park Service had a full-scale replica of one of the Waite & Peirce ships built, the Friendship of Salem, which is the centerpiece of Salem Maritime National Historic Site. Waite and Peirce were also major investors in the newly incorporated Beverly Bank, and were members of Salems merchant aristocracy. Salem was a major center of trade in the early 1800s, and as a result of this, was the home of Americas first millionaire, and on a per-capita basis, was the richest city in America. Peirce went from humble beginnings to owning one of the finest homes in Salem.</p><br>
<p>In 1779, Peirce purchased a large lot in Salem, and in about 1782, he engaged Samuel McIntire to design and build his home there. The property he owned went all the way to the banks of the North River, where his ships tied up and he had a counting house. The house is known to have been completed by 1784, when city tax records show Peirce being assessed for a completed house. Peirce later suffered financial misfortune and was forced to sell the house. predecessor to the Peabody Essex Museum. It was opened to the public in the late 1930s after the last of the Nichols owners died.</p><br>
<p>McIntire patterned the design of the house fairly closely on patterns found in the Builder&#39;s Treasury of Batty Langley, published in 1740. As a result, the house has late Georgian styling. This was altered in some portions in 1801, when Peirce again hired McIntire to redo the hallway east parlor in preparation for the wedding of his daughter Sally to George Nichols. This area features the lighter Federal styling that was being popularized by architect Charles Bulfinch.</p><br>
<p>The house property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968, cited as a particularly elegant example of late Georgian craftsmanship, and for its association with McIntire. It is also a contributing element of Salem&#39;s Chestnut Street District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Peirce–Nichols House is a three-story wood-frame building sheathed in clapboards. It has a low pitch hipped roof that is encircled by a low balustrade at the cornice, which further has a central flat section that functions as a roof deck and is also surrounded by a balustrade. The corners of the building are decorated by fluted Doric pilasters rising the height of the building. The front entry is in the center bay (of five), and is sheltered by a pedimented porch supported by Doric columns set on a brownstone step. Large twin chimneys rise through the interior of the house. The windows on the first two floors feature 6 over 6 sashes, while the third floor has typical foreshortened 3 over 6 sashes.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a carriage house which is thought to date from the same time as the house. Its symmetrical front facade is divided into three sections, the center one featuring a projecting triangular pediment. The flanking sections are also pedimented, and are punctuated by round arched openings topped by keystones.</p><br>
<p>The Mabee House, on the grounds of the Mabee Farm Historic Site, , is the oldest house still standing in the Mohawk Valley. It is located in the town of Rotterdam, New York, in the hamlet of Rotterdam Junction, New York, along New York State Highway 5S, about 6 mi west of the city of Schenectady.</p><br>
<p>The property includes the original 1705 stone Mabee House, a 1760s brick house, a 1790s inn, a family cemetery and more, sits alongside the banks of the Mohawk River and was donated to the Schenectady County Historical Society on January 29, 1993. An H-bent frame Dutch barn, dating from the 1760s, was acquired from the Nilsen family in 1997, moved from Johnstown, N.Y., restored, and re-installed at the Mabee Farm Historic Site. Various educational programs and events are now offered to the public there. In 2007, 27 acres were purchased from a neighboring property and are now the location of the George E. Franchere Education Center, which opened in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was first acquired by Daniel Janse Van Antwerpen in 1671. He purchased the property from the Mohawks and received a grant for the patent in 1680 from the English Governor Edmund Andros. Van Antwerpen, a friend, mentor, and neighbor of Jan Pieterse Mabee and wife Anna Borsboom in the Schenectadys Stockade Historic District, sold the westerly half of the farm property to Jan in 1705/6. The original deed was given to the Schenectady County Historical Society along with 582 other documents and over 1,000 artifacts. The original structures on the farm are the stone house, a frame pre-Erie Canal inn, in which Revolutionary War General Philip Schuyler stayed in 1792 while surveying for the Western Inland Navigation and Lock Company, and the half brick house. The farms original barns, however, were consumed by fire in the 1870s and 1970s. There is also a family cemetery, which has 21 headstones dating from 1771, and a marker honoring the enslaved people owned by the Mabee family, who lived, worked, and died at the site.</p><br>
<p>George Franchere, the last descendant of that particular Mabee line to own the House and property, donated the site to the Schenectady County Historical Society in 1993, with the intention that it would be maintained as a museum and educational center. To that end, numerous family members, staff, and volunteers have worked to preserve the property and its donated artifacts, and to develop educational programs and events that present the history of the family, farming, Schenectady County and the Mohawk Valley to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The Jan Mabee and Anna Borsboom House, Brick building, and Inn, on the 9 acres of property in Rotterdam Junction, NY were given to the Schenectady County Historical Society by George E. Franchere in 1993, 11 years before he died. In 1996, the Historical Society applied for a matching-funds grant to restore the house, but the grant was denied; the members instead planned a private fundraising campaign. In addition to the west part of the House, which dendrochronology done at Cornell University dates to approximately 1705, making it the oldest known unaltered structure standing in the Mohawk Valley, the site now contains the 1760s Nilsen Dutch Barn, a smaller English barn, and several small outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the Historical Society acquired 27 acre of property adjacent to the site from Schenectady County to construct the George Eugene Franchere Education Center, a three-level 13,000 ft&sup2; structure which, completed in 2011, now allows the site to operate year-round. The Franchere Center provides space for rotating history and art exhibits, a 150-seat lecture hall, a conference room, gift shop, and also artifact storage, offices for staff, and work space for interns and volunteers. The building also features geothermal pumps which are powered by the solar panels atop the picnic pavilion. Additionally, in 2009 the Historical Society acquired 9 acres from NY State Canal Corporation across (north side) the Mohawk river, to protect its historic viewshed.</p><br>
<p>The site borders the south side of Mohawk River (now also the New York State Barge Canal), and the Farms dock serves as the home base for two bateaux, the De Sager and the Bobbie G, specially constructed by the Alplaus Maritime Academy for the Mabee Farm. The Onrust was built here from 2006 to 2009 in time for the Quadricentennial of Henry Hudsons voyage to what became New Netherland.</p><br>
<p>The Mabee Farm Historic Site is open year-round to visitors for guided tours through the historic structures, and/or for self-guided visits through the exhibits on display in the Franchere Center. The site welcomes over 15,000 annually.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site is a historic brick building built in 1841 in the USA state of Illinois. It is located at 6th and Adams Streets in Springfield, Illinois. The law office has been restored and is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site.</p><br>
<p>The office building is a surviving portion of what was the Tinsley Block, a brick structure built by local developer Seth M. Tinsley in 1840&ndash;1841 to provide office space for professionals working in the newly chosen state capital city. The Illinois General Assembly had moved the capital from Vandalia, Illinois to Springfield in late 1839, and local workers had begun to build a new limestone state house, now the Old State Capitol State Historic Site, on the parcel of land just north of the Tinsley Block.</p><br>
<p>Lawyer Abraham Lincoln and his partner Stephen T. Logan moved their partnership law offices to a third-floor office in the Tinsley Block in 1843. The Illinois Supreme Court, where the partners often pleaded cases, met in the State Capitol across the street, and the USA District Court rented space on the Tinsley Block&#39;s second floor.</p><br>
<p>The firm of Logan & Lincoln broke up in 1844. Lincoln continued to practice law in the Tinsley Block office and accepted a younger lawyer, William H. Herndon, as his junior partner. The firm of Lincoln and Herndon practiced from the Tinsley Block office from 1844 until about 1852.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln&#39;s law work</h2><br>
<p>The casual visitor to the Lincoln & Herndon office in 1844&ndash;52 might not always have run into the firms senior partner. Lincolns duties often demanded that he ride the judicial circuit of counties in central Illinois, trying cases in more than one dozen county courthouses. In addition, Lincoln served one term in the USA House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849.</p><br>
<h2>The law office today</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln & Herndon firm moved from the Tinsley Block to a new office (since demolished) on the west side of the Old State Capitol square about 1852. In 1872 part of the building was torn down, but the section that had contained Lincoln&#39;s law office was preserved. After the building had undergone many further changes, in 1985 it became a state-owned historic site managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA has since restored the surviving portion of the Tinsley Block to resemble its operations in the 1840s, with the federal court and the Lincoln and Herndon law office both operating within the building.</p><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It encompasses 4.1 acre, and as of 2020, had over 3,100 interments. It is operated and maintained by the Baltimore National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery is one of the 14 national cemeteries established by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 to accommodate the dead from the American Civil War. The original plot of land was leased, and later purchased, from Judge Nicholas Brewer.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Annapolis was a Union recruit training center. There was also a parole camp nearby (approximately three miles from what was then the city line) where Union prisoners who had been exchanged for Confederate prisoners were held until they could be returned to their own units. The conditions in the camp were crowded and were not particularly sanitary; many soldiers wound up in one of the army field hospitals at the USA Naval Academy and at St. John&#39;s College in downtown Annapolis. A large number succumbed to wounds they bore when they arrived, small pox, typhoid fever, dysentery or any of a number of other diseases. Most of the original interments were men who died in the parole camp or the field hospitals. Several Confederate prisoners, and one Russian national, also died in Annapolis and are buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Many soldiers, sailors, Marines and airmen who served during, or died in, subsequent wars – as well as some of their dependents – are also interred there.</p><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Lockwood–Mathews Mansion is a Second Empire style country house in Norwalk, Connecticut. Now a museum, it was built in 1864-68 for railroad and banking magnate LeGrand Lockwood. The 62-room 44,000 ft&sup2; mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as "one of the earliest and finest surviving Second Empire style country houses ever built in the United States." It sits at 295 West Ave., in Mathews Park, where the Stepping Stones Museum for Children is also located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>As private home</h3><br>
<p>The home was built on an estate, then called "Elm Park," for LeGrand Lockwood, who made his fortune in banking and the railroad industry. Construction began in 1864 just west of the Norwalk River in Norwalk and was completed four years later. Designed by European-trained, New York-based architect Detlef Lienau, the 44,000 ft&sup2; mansion features 26,402 ft&sup2; of living space and "is considered his most significant surviving work," according to the association. Both American and immigrant artisans worked to construct and decorate the house. Prominent New York decorating firms, including Herter Brothers and Leon Marcotte were contracted to furnish the mansion&#39;s interiors.</p><br>
<p>Financial reversals in 1869 and Lockwoods death in 1872 resulted in loss of the estate through foreclosure in 1874 by Lockwoods heirs. Charles D. Mathews, described in his New York Times obituary as "a very wealthy retired New-York provision dealer", and his wife, Rebecca Thompson Mathews, bought the property in 1876. The mansion was a residence and suburban retreat for the Mathews family, with their Thompson and Martin relatives, until the death of Charles&#39;s daughter Florence in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>As museum</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1864–68, the home is an early example of the style used by wealthy New York City elites such as the Vanderbilts in building their Gilded Age mansions later in the 19th century, and set a new standard for opulence. In 1941 the estate was sold to the City of Norwalk, which designated it a public park.</p><br>
<p>The city had planned in 1959 "to build a city hall in the park and tear down the mansion to make way for it." Considerable controversy and claims of bad faith ensued, leaving the building threatened with demolition. Local preservationists formed Lockwood–Mathews Mansion Museum, Inc. to run the site. The home was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>According to the museum organizations Web site, the museums mission "is to conserve the building while creating educational programs on the material, artistic and social culture of the Victorian era,".</p><br>
<p>A master plan for a more comprehensive restoration of the mansion was expected to be completed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In a decades-long Christmastime tradition, interior decorators deck out about a dozen rooms in the mansion with holiday decorations. An annual "community celebration" is held in December with Christmas music, refreshments and a Santa Claus. In 2007, 10 interior decorators volunteered their services and materials for the event.</p><br>
<p>The museum has hosted an annual antique show since 1978. In 2006 the show was held the last weekend in October and attracted dealers from Ohio and Pennsylvania as well as Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, statues and furniture that had originally been in the mansion were bought and placed back in it. Two marble statues, sculpted in 1859 by Joseph Mozier, an American artist, and bought by Lockwood, were purchased for $185,000. A $165,000 sofa original to the home was also acquired and brought back to it.</p><br>
<p>The home was used as a filming location for the 2004 remake of The Stepford Wives. Paramount Pictures paid the museum $400,000 to paint its central rotunda. The studio also left behind some large paintings (in essence, theatrical pastiches), which serve to emphasize the dramatic size of the rotunda. As a result, the walls look fresh and decorated, and will remain protected until further funds become available for proper, curatorial restoration of the original damaged surfaces.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was also featured in the movie House of Dark Shadows.</p><br>
<p>The Colony Club is a women-only private social club in New York City. Founded in 1903 by Florence Jaffray Harriman, wife of J. Borden Harriman, as the first social club established in New York City by and for women, it was modeled on similar gentlemen&#39;s clubs. Today, men are admitted as guests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original clubhouse</h3><br>
<p>With other wealthy women, including Anne Tracy Morgan (a daughter of J.P. Morgan), Harriman raised $500,000, and commissioned Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White to build the original clubhouse, later known as the "Old Colony Club". This building – at 120 Madison Avenue, between East 30th and East 31st Streets on the west side of Madison – was built between 1904 and 1908 and was modelled on eighteenth-century houses in Annapolis, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The interiors, which exist largely unchanged, were created by Elsie de Wolfe &ndash; later to become Lady Mendl &ndash; a former actress who had recently opened an interior-design business, and whose companion, the theatrical agent Elisabeth Marbury, was one of the club&#39;s founders. Stanford White was slain by Harry K. Thaw months before construction of the Colony Club was completed. The building was designed in the Federal Revival style, and has unusual brickwork done in a diaper pattern</p><br>
<p>The Old Colony Club was sold to Genevieve Garvan Brady after the club moved to its new location in 1916. Today, the building houses the East Coast headquarters of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. It was awarded landmark status by the City of New York in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>Second clubhouse</h3><br>
<p>The second clubhouse, located at 564 Park Avenue, also known as 51 East 62nd Street, on the northwest corner, was commissioned in 1913 and constructed from 1914 to 1916. It was designed by Delano & Aldrich in the Neo-Georgian style, with interiors designed by Elsie de Wolfe. The building has a marble base with red-brick and marble trim and columns for the upper floors. According to Andrew Dolkart:</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger&#39;s birthday party was held at the Colony Club (among the guests were four couples whom Kissinger had ordered to be wiretapped). In 2007, memorial services for Brooke Astor were held there. The club continues its policy of women-only membership – new members must be recommended by current members.</p><br>
<p>The Club presently has approximately 2,500 members who have access to discussions, concerts, and wellness and athletic programs. The Clubhouse consists of seven stories, 25 guest bedrooms, three dining rooms, two ballrooms, a lounge, a squash court, an indoor pool, a fitness facility and three personal spa service rooms. Annual gross revenues are more than $10 million.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Madeleine Talmage Force Astor &ndash; wife of John Jacob Astor IV</p><br>
<p>Ambassador Robin Chandler Duke</p><br>
<p>Jessica Garretson Finch, college president, founding member.</p><br>
<p>Elisabeth Marbury</p><br>
<p>Kathleen Troia McFarland, USA Deputy National Security Advisor</p><br>
<p>Anne Morgan &ndash; a daughter of J. P. Morgan, and a founding member</p><br>
<p>Frances Louisa Tracy Morgan &ndash; wife of J. P. Morgan</p><br>
<p>Ruth Morgan, women&#39;s rights and peace activist, and president of the Colony Club in 1922</p><br>
<p>Judith Peabody</p><br>
<p>Emily K. Rafferty, former president Metropolitan Museum of Art</p><br>
<p>Eleanor Roosevelt &ndash; resigned when the Club refused to consider Mrs. Henry Morgenthau Jr., wife of the Secretary of the Treasury under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, because she was Jewish.</p><br>
<p>Abby Aldrich Rockefeller</p><br>
<p>Julia Catlin Park Taufflieb &ndash; the first American woman to receive the Légion d&#39;honneur in World War I for turning her chateau in northern France into a 300-bed hospital</p><br>
<p>Anne Harriman Vanderbilt – founding member</p><br>
<p>Ava Lowle Willing &ndash; founding member</p><br>
<p>The Eagle River Stadium is an ice rink and arena located in Eagle River, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Eagle River Stadium, which seats roughly 2,000 people, was designed by German immigrant architect and engineer Max Hanisch, Sr. and constructed by local volunteers and community residents. Constructed mainly of wood in 1933, it is the first indoor hockey arena built in the state of Wisconsin. The roof framing is a wooden lamella design, using solid-sawn timbers interconnected in a unique honeycomb pattern. The facility is affectionately referred to as "The Dome" because of its dome-like shape. It has received major renovations once, in 1963–1964, when new locker rooms, indoor plumbing, and a concession stand were added.</p><br>
<p>The arena is home to the local high school hockey team, the Northland Pines Eagles; the ERRA Youth Hockey Association; a semi-pro hockey team, the Eagle River Falcons; a tier II junior ice hockey team, the Wisconsin Windigo; and the Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Alton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Alton, in Madison County, Illinois. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses only half an acre plot of land, and as of the end of 2005, had 522 interments. It is maintained by the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, in St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally a military section of the Alton City Cemetery, and in use since 1870, the half acre lot was donated to the federal government in 1940. It was intended that the remains buried in the cemetery be moved to the Springfield National Cemetery, but public protest prevented it. It is the resting place of many Civil War Union soldiers.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Alton announced the first of what is hoped to be an annual Memorial Day Sunset Ceremony at the cemetery that will include speeches by local elected officials, a performance by the Scott Air Force Base band, Pipes and Drums, and a VFW 21-gun salute. This event is well-attended and has continued as of 2018.</p><br>
<p>Burials are limited to cremains and, as of August 2018, soon to be limited to "second interments" of the second decedent, whether that is the veteran, spouse, or a child.</p><br>
<p>Springfield National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Springfield, in Greene County, Missouri. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 18.1 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 14,685 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1867 as a place to initially inter Civil War Union soldiers, many of whom died at the Battle of Wilson&#39;s Creek. In 1871 a section for Confederate soldiers was added.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>A marble pillar dedicated to Union General Nathaniel Lyon in 1888.</p><br>
<p>A bronze sculpture dedicated to Confederate General Sterling Price in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Wilson&#39;s Creek Memorial.</p><br>
<p>A monument dedicated to Pearl Harbor survivors, erected in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial, dedicated to the Continental Army soldiers who died in the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Harrison Collins (1836–1890), for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Corporal Orion P. Howe (1848–1890), for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Pharmacist&#39;s Mate Chief Petty Officer Fred H. McGuire (1890–1958), for action in the Philippine–American War</p><br>
<p>Captain Patrick Pentzer (1838–1901), for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Pharmacist&#39;s Mate Third Class Jack Williams (1924–1945), for action in World War II</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<p>Horton Smith (1908–1963), World War II US Army Air Corps captain and professional golfer</p><br>
<p>Major General Ralph E. Truman (1880–1962), career Army officer</p><br>
<p>Richard Hanson Weightman (1816–1861), Delegate to the US Congress from New Mexico Territory and Civil War Confederate officer</p><br>
<p>Various Buffalo Soldiers</p><br>
<p>Thomas Huey Farm is a registered historic place in Big Bone, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It is a Gothic Revival house, built in 1865, according to family history. It is a -story brick structure with a three-bay facade. It incorporates a central entrance with side-lights, and a transom window with Italianate brackets. It has been called the "Old Brick" from time immemorial. The brick house behind the building has long been called the "slave quarters", and Thomas Huey owned half a dozen slaves; however none of them ever lived here, as the house was built after the war was over. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>According to family legend Mr. Huey, who was born at Big Bone, in 1805, buried his money, all gold and silver, in a great chest before the war. He dug it up after the war and used the money to build the house. Burying money is a very common story, though it is common because so many people actually did it; in this case it may or may not have actually been so, but there can be little doubt that many people probably did bury their money before or during the war with so many rascally Yankees about.</p><br>
<p>A great-granddaughter purchased the house in the 1930s and lived there for years. She (and many of the other members of the family) claimed the house to be haunted. She engaged in lengthy on-again-off-again shooting duel with her sister, who lived across the road, and it is possible the family ghosts left during her tenure. According to this occupant, she could "hear grandma chasing great-grandma through the attic at night." This is supposed to have been the result of the two women being frozen to death in the attic by a wicked in-law. It is unusual, according to Kentucky historian (and "ghostwriter") Professor Lynwood Montell, but not unheard of, for two ghosts to reside in the same Kentucky house.</p><br>
<p>People who have moved into the area not knowing the old story have told me that from observation they believe the house is haunted. They were very interested, of course, to hear confirmation of a conclusion they had arrived at independently.</p><br>
<p>Culpeper National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the town of Culpeper, in Culpeper County, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 29.6 acre of land, and as 2021, had over 14,000 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the territory around the city of Culpeper was defended vigorously by both sides, as it was a strategic point almost exactly between Washington D.C. and the capital of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. Numerous battles took place in the region, including the Battle of Cedar Mountain and the Battle of Chancellorsville. The dead from those conflicts were buried nearby in makeshift grave sites. After the war a reburial program was initiated, and in 1867, Culpeper National Cemetery was established to reinter many of the remains from the makeshift sites.</p><br>
<p>The original cemetery comprised 6 acre, bought from Edward B. Hill of Culpeper for $1,400. The original Second Empire Victorian caretakers lodge was built in 1872 and was designed by Montgomery C. Meigs. Many improvements to the grounds and facilities at the cemetery were made during the 1930s as part of the New Deal. These make-work improvements included replacing the original 1870s tool house at the cost of $8,000 in 1934, raising and realigning 912 headstones in May 1934, by the Civil Works Administration, and realignment and re-setting 402 headstones in 1936 though a Works Project Administration project.</p><br>
<p>Having operated without any major improvements since the 1930s, the cemetery was closed to new interments on November 17, 1972. On September 1, 1973, administration of the cemetery was transferred from the USA Army to the Veterans Administration&#39;s new National Cemetery System created by the National Cemetery Act of 1973. In 1975 another 10.5 acre was donated by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Burton–Hammond Post 2524, and in 2001 another plot of 12.3 acre was purchased, which has been developed for future interments. The cemetery was reopened to interments on January 16, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Culpeper National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is included in the South East Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell, who had served in the US Navy until his discharge in 1960, was to be buried at the cemetery after his assassination in 1967 but the cemetery refused to inter him after neo-nazis who attended the service displayed Nazi insignia. Rockwell was later cremated instead.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The states of Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania have erected markers dedicated to regiments from those states who had members die in the Battle of Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Maine monument is of granite construction and is dedicated to the 22 officers and soldiers from the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry who died at Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts monument was erected by members of the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The New York monument was erected in 1902 to honor the members of the 28th New York Volunteer Infantry, 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, Army Corps of the Potomac who died at Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio monument is of granite and bronze construction and was erected by the 7th Ohio Regimental Association.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania monument was erected in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Armed Forces Monument was erected November 1992 and was sponsored by the American Legion Post 330 and Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 2524. The monument was officially dedicated May 28, 2001.</p><br>
<p>A memorial to all of the unknown burials from the Civil War was erected in 1988 by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Burton–Hammond Post 2524.</p><br>
<p>The seven and a half feet tall National Military Cemetery monument constructed from a cast iron seacoast artillery tube.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church and Mount St. Joseph Convent Complex is a Roman Catholic religious and educational complex on Convent and Meadow Streets in Rutland, Vermont. The complex includes a church, rectory, two schools, a convent, and an elderly housing building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built largely through the efforts of Italian American stoneworkers from 1869 to 1873 from stone quarried from the site of the church, St. Peters is the largest and oldest (the "mother parish") of three Roman Catholic parish churches in the city of Rutland. The church was designed by the noted 19th-century ecclesiastical architect Patrick Charles Keeley of Brooklyn, New York, and is noted for its rugged exterior walls, lofty interior, and excellent stained glass. The church is 150 feet in length, 71 feet wide, and can seat over 880 people. Major renovations have taken place in 1950 under the direction of Rev. Robert Joyce, 1973 under the direction of Msgr. Thomas Connor, and 2000–2004 under the direction of Rev. W. Andre Houle. Buried under a large monument next to the church tower is Fr. Charles Boylan, the priest responsible for the construction of the church, and the former Sisters of Saint Joseph Convent directly across convent avenue. St. Peters Parish is closely associated with Mount St. Joseph Academy, as well as the St. Joseph Home and the Loretto Home. It is within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington. St. Peter Parish is currently administered by priests from the Capuchin Franciscan Province of Saint Mary.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau Theatre originally opened as a vaudeville house in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1927 with an interior decorated as a medieval village. The theater was converted to a movie house eventually remodeled and reopened as a Barnes & Noble bookstore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In April 1927, Dr. Charles Mayo laid the building&#39;s cornerstone. The structure was originally called the Chateau Dodge Theatre because the Dodge Lumber Company had previously occupied this site. With construction costs of a then-unheard-of $400,000, the theatre opened on October 26, 1927, showing the movie Spring Fever.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau Theatre was one of Rochesters first air-conditioned buildings, presenting plays, concerts, operas, silent and later talking movies, and vaudeville. In 1940, 25 cents admission provided audiences three acts of music/magic/juggling, newsreels, comedy, and a main show. Chateau headliners over the years included actresses Ethel Barrymore and Tallulah Bankhead, the husband-wife acting team of Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt, cinema cowboy Tom Mix, Mary, the rhinoceros from Johnny Weissmuller&#39;s Tarzan, and bandleader Paul Whiteman ("The King of Jazz").</p><br>
<p>The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota calls the Chateau Theatre Minnesotas "last and best example of atmospheric theater". Its principal architecture is Art Deco, a design popularized first in Europe and later the USA (most famously in Hollywood and Miami) from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Modern appearance</h2><br>
<p>The original theatre mezzanine and inner lobby are gone; all that remains are the railings and doorways to the restrooms and lounge areas. Originally, the main theatre floor had raked seating; that is, with the rows farther from the stage rising toward the rear. The theatre originally had 1,487 red velvet seats, compared to today&#39;s theaters which generally seat 200 at most.</p><br>
<p>The original film projection booth sits above the second floor balcony, hidden behind the giant Barnes & Noble mural. Because of the theatres historic nature and a desire not to disturb its decorative side walls — which replicate an early French (Normandy) village — the floor is attached only at the buildings front and back walls while also supported by main floor pillars. The castle, with 40 balconies and 20 ft turrets, resembles a 10th-century French castle (chateau). Originally passageways extended for actors to appear at the numerous windows and balconies.</p><br>
<p>The theatre ceiling is still the same dark blue as the original. The constellations, which once twinkled as dramatic scenes gradually changed from day to night, are still visible although difficult to see because of the larger spotlights later installed by Barnes & Noble. In addition to a "moon machine," also still present but no longer functioning is a cloud machine, once used to project shadows of clouds across the ceiling. The pipe organ playing for melodrama and silent movies was located on the west side of the current childrens book section; organ pipes were housed in the castle gate. The proscenium arch at the top of the escalator rises above the Chateau Theatres former stage, which measured 33 ft across and along with the organ rose to audience eye level at the start of each performance. Along with multiple dressing rooms, backstage included metal stairs climbing five flights, with showers and toilets at every other level.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 the "World Wide Friends of the Chateau" was formed and was instrumental in preserving the theatre from demolition. Although the theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it closed on October 2, 1983, with the 1934 movie classic It Happened One Night, starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert. Following nearly eleven years of debate. negotiation, and ultimately $4 million of renovation, Barnes & Noble reopened the doors of the Chateau Theatre on July 1, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>On January 2, 2015, the Barnes & Noble inside the Chateau Theatre closed.</p><br>
<p>Nambé Oweenge Pueblo  is a federally recognized tribe of the Pueblo people in Santa Fe County, New Mexico. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined the community as a census-designated place .</p><br>
<p>The Pueblo of Nambé has existed since the 14th century and is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. It was a primary cultural, economic, and religious center at the time of the arrival of Spanish colonists in the very early 17th century. Nambé was one of the Pueblos that organized and participated in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 which expelled the Spanish from New Mexico for twelve years.</p><br>
<p>The community of Nambe, New Mexico, is separate from the pueblo.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Nambé is the Spanish version of a similar-sounding Tewa word, which can be interpreted loosely as meaning "rounded earth." The word "pueblo" stems from the Spanish word for "village." Pueblo refers both to the Southwestern style architecture and the people themselves.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The 2010 census found that 1,818 people lived in the CDP, while 568 people in the United States reported being exclusively Nambé and 723 people reported being Nambé exclusively or in combination with another group.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>The Nambé language is a dialect of the Tewa language, also called Tano, which belongs to the Kiowa-Tanoan language family.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin and early history</h3><br>
<p>Scholars believe that all Pueblo peoples are descended from the Ancestral Pueblo people, possibly from the Mogollón, and other ancient peoples. In contemporary times, the people and their archaeological culture were referred to as Anasazi for historical purposes - a Navajo term loosely translated as "Enemy Ancestors" as some Navajo clans are descendants of the Anasazi. Contemporary Puebloans do not want this term to be used. As the Ancestral Puebloans abandoned their canyon homeland due to social upheaval and climate change, they migrated to other areas. Eventually the Nambé emerged as a culture in their new homeland in present-day New Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>European contact</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate arrived with armed forces in the area in 1598. He forced Nambé Pueblo, as was the case with other pueblos, to start paying him taxes with cotton, crops and labor. Catholic missionaries also came into the area, threatening native religious beliefs. They renamed pueblos with saints&#39; names, and the first church, San Francisco de Nambé, was built in Nambé Pueblo in the early 1600s. The Spanish introduced new foods to the native communities, including peaches, peppers, and wheat. In 1620 a royal decree assigned civil offices to each Pueblo.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The people of Nambé Pueblo participate in a mixed economy, with many travelling to jobs outside of the Pueblo lands.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 2020, the Nambé operated a casino on tribal land at the Nambé Falls Travel Center. In 2021, Tesla opened a service center on Nambé land to service Tesla vehicles, after signing an agreement with Nambé Pueblo leaders. This allowed the first service center to open in the State of New Mexico since state law prohibits automakers from selling direct to consumers, as Tesla does, and state law did not allow Tesla to open a service center without selling cars through intermediary car dealers. By November 2022, Tesla had followed this model of leasing native American land for a service and delivery center at a second New Mexico city—Santa Ana—which is closer to the large city of Albuquerque. The store is expected to open in May 2023 and will be five times larger than the first New Mexico facility in Nambe.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The Nambé Pueblo is zoned into Pojoaque Valley Schools. Pojoaque Valley High School is the zoned comprehensive high school.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Marilyn Bendell, impressionist painter</p><br>
<p>Brenda McKenna, member of the New Mexico Senate, 2021</p><br>
<p>Margaret Lefranc, painter, illustrator, and editor</p><br>
<p>Ben Luján, member and former speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Ben Ray Luján, former member of USA House of Representatives, United States Senator from New Mexico (2021), son of Ben Luján</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel A. Owings, architect</p><br>
<p>Lonnie Vigil, pottery artist</p><br>
<p>Ohkay Owingeh , known by its Spanish name as San Juan Pueblo from 1589 to 2005, is a pueblo in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined that community as a census-designated place . Ohkay Owingeh is also the federally recognized tribe of Pueblo people inhabiting the town.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Ohkay Owingeh was previously known as San Juan Pueblo until returning to its pre-Spanish name in November 2005.</p><br>
<p>Ohkay Owingeh has the ZIP code 87566 and the USA Postal Service prefers that name for addressing mail, but accepts the alternative name San Juan Pueblo.</p><br>
<p>The community was also formally known as the San Juan Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Its elevation is 5,663 ft and it is located at 36&deg;03&prime;12&Prime;N latitude, 106&deg;04&prime;08&Prime;W longitude. One of its boundaries is contiguous with Española, about 25 mi north of Santa Fe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pueblo was founded around 1200 AD during the Pueblo III Era. By tradition, the Tewa people moved here from the north, perhaps from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado, part of a great migration spanning into the Pueblo IV Era.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish colonial capital</h3><br>
<p>In March 1598, conquistador Oñate traveled north from Nueva Galicia accompanied by a caravan of Catholic missionaries, a thousand soldiers, colonists, and Tlaxcalans. The expedition included cattle, sheep, goats, oxen, and horses, and arrived at Yungeh (place of the mockingbird) in present-day Ohkay Owingeh on July 11, 1598.</p><br>
<p>It was recorded that the people who met him that day were hospitable and offered Yuque Yunque pueblo as guest quarters to Oñate and his party. On July 12, 1598, he baptized and renamed Caypa pueblo (present-day Ohkay Owingeh) San Juan de los Caballeros, after his patron saint John the Baptist. San Juan de los Caballeros became the first capital of the New Spanish region of Santa Fe de Nuevo Méjico. In local history, it is said the event united the two fragmented families of Caypa and Yuque Yunque. Since their arrival from earlier homelands in the northwest, the two pueblos had been divided by the river, split until the expedition party&#39;s arrival. When the community offered Yuque Yunque pueblo on the west bank to Oñate, the two fragmented pueblos were made whole again at Caypa. The Spanish capital would be moved in 1610 to La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís.</p><br>
<p>Popé was a local man who rose to be one of the most regarded leaders of American Indian history. He would play a major role in the Pueblo Revolt in 1680.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>Ohkay Owingeh is the headquarters of the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council, and the pueblo people are from the Tewa ethnic group of American Indians. It is one of the largest Tewa-speaking pueblos.</p><br>
<p>The annual Pueblo Feast Day is June 24. For all pueblos, the actual feast day includes a Catholic mass that is held in the morning. Because of historical relations with the Catholic Church, all pueblos have a church located near the center of the village. Most Pueblo people practice aspects of both the Catholic religion and Pueblo belief systems. The tribe owns the Ohkay Casino and the Oke-Oweenge Crafts Cooperative, which showcases redware pottery, weaving, painting, and other artwork from the eight northern pueblos.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Census 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File (AIANSF)</p><br>
<p>- Sample Data,</p><br>
<p>Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico (San Juan Pueblo) alone</p><br>
<p>(H53)</p><br>
<p>and 1,770 as Ohkay Owingeh exclusively or in combination with another group.</p><br>
<p>Census 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File (AIANSF)</p><br>
<p>- Sample Data, Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico (San Juan Pueblo) alone</p><br>
<p>(H53) & (100–299) or (300, A01–Z99) or (400–999)</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>It is in the Española Public Schools district. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.</p><br>
<h2>Notable natives</h2><br>
<p>Emiliano Abeyta, painter</p><br>
<p>Juan B. Aquino, painter</p><br>
<p>Robert Aquino, painter</p><br>
<p>Lorencita Atencio, painter and textile artist</p><br>
<p>Joe A. Garcia, tribal governor (1995–2006) and head councilman (2009–2023)</p><br>
<p>Rose Gonzales, potter</p><br>
<p>Evelina Zuni Lucero, writer</p><br>
<p>Esther Martinez, linguist and storyteller</p><br>
<p>Popé, Tewa leader of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680</p><br>
<p>Alfonso Ortiz, professor and cultural anthropologist</p><br>
<p>Leonidas Tapia, potter</p><br>
<p>Rand Tower Hotel is a 26-story high rise hotel in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was one of the city&#39;s tallest structures when it was completed as an office building in 1929. It was converted to a hotel in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rand Tower Hotel was designed by Holabird & Root for Rufus Rand, a World War I aviator who was part of the family that owned the Minneapolis Gas Company (Minnegasco), now part of CenterPoint Energy. Rand had flown in the Lafayette Flying Corps during the war. Much of the building is covered in Art Deco ornamentation that follows an aviation theme and there is a sculpture Wings in the lobby by Oskar J. W. Hansen. The original builder was C.F. Haglin & Sons.</p><br>
<p>A skyway was attached to the building in 1969. Rand Tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It was known for a time as the Dain Tower until Dain Rauscher relocated to the Dain Rauscher Plaza just down the street in 1992. It was purchased by Gaughan Companies in 2004. In 2008, Hempel Properties purchased the Rand Tower to house its headquarters. Maven Real Estate Partners purchased the building in 2017 for $18.7 million. Maven converted the office building into a 270-room hotel, at a cost $110 million. The Rand Tower Hotel opened on December 2, 2020, as part of the Tribute Portfolio division of Marriott.</p><br>
<p>The Topaz War Relocation Center, also known as the Central Utah Relocation Center  and briefly as the Abraham Relocation Center, was an American concentration camp in which Americans of Japanese descent and immigrants who had come to the United States from Japan, called Nikkei were incarcerated. President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942, ordering people of Japanese ancestry to be incarcerated in what were euphemistically called "relocation centers" like Topaz during World War II. Most of the people incarcerated at Topaz came from the Tanforan Assembly Center and previously lived in the San Francisco Bay Area. The camp was opened in September 1942 and closed in October 1945.</p><br>
<p>The camp, approximately 15 mi west of Delta, Utah, consisted of 19,800 acre, with a 640 acre main living area. Most internees lived in the main living area, though some lived off-site as agricultural and industrial laborers. The approximately 9,000 internees and staff made Topaz into the fifth-largest city in Utah at the time. The extreme temperature fluctuations of the arid area combined with uninsulated barracks made conditions very uncomfortable, even after the belated installation of pot-bellied stoves. The camp housed two elementary schools and a high school, a library, and some recreational facilities. Camp life was documented in a newspaper, Topaz Times, and in the literary publication Trek. Internees worked inside and outside the camp, mostly in agricultural labor. Many internees became notable artists.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 1942–1943, a loyalty questionnaire asked prisoners if they would declare their loyalty to the United States of America and if they would be willing to enlist. The questions were divisive, and prisoners who were considered "disloyal" because of their answers on the loyalty questionnaire were sent to the Tule Lake Segregation Camp. One internee, James Wakasa, was shot and killed for being too close to the camp&#39;s fence. Topaz prisoners held a large funeral and stopped working until administrators relaxed security.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, Jane Beckwith founded the Topaz Museum Board. Topaz became a USA National Historic Landmark in 2007. After many years of organizing, fundraising, and collecting information and artifacts, the Topaz Museum was built in Delta and debuted with a display of the art created at Topaz. Permanent exhibits, installed in 2017, chronicle the people who were interned there and tell their stories.</p><br>
<h2>Terminology</h2><br>
<p>Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Topaz and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents were imprisoned by the United States government during the war. Topaz has been referred to as a "relocation camp", "relocation center", "internment camp", and "concentration camp", and the controversy over which term is the most appropriate continued throughout the late 1990s. In a preface to a 1997 book on Topaz written and published by the Topaz Museum, the Topaz Museum Board states that it is accurate to refer to the camps as a "detention camp" or "concentration camp" and its residents as "prisoners" or "internees".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1941, the Imperial Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Shortly afterwards in February 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. The order forced approximately 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent (Nisei) and Japanese-born residents (Issei) in California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska on the West Coast of the United States to leave their homes. About 5,000 left the off-limits area during the "voluntary evacuation" period, and avoided internment. The remaining 110,000 were soon removed from their homes by Army and National Guard troops.</p><br>
<p>Topaz was opened September 11, 1942, and eventually became the fifth-largest city in Utah, with over 9,000 internees and staff, and covering approximately 31 square miles (mostly used for agriculture). A total of 11,212 people lived at Topaz at one time or another. Utah governor Herbert B. Maw opposed the relocation of any Japanese Americans into the state, stating that if they were such a danger to the West Coast, they would be a danger to Utah. Most internees arrived at Topaz from the Tanforan or Santa Anita Assembly Centers; the majority hailed from the San Francisco Bay Area. Sixty-five percent were Nisei, American citizens born to Japanese immigrants. The camp was governed by Charles F. Ernst until June 1944, when the position was taken over by Luther T. Hoffman following Ernst&#39;s resignation. It was closed on October 31, 1945.</p><br>
<p>Topaz was originally known as the Central Utah Relocation Authority, and then the Abraham Relocation Authority, but the names were too long for post office regulations. The final name, Topaz, came from Topaz Mountain which overlooks the camp from 9 mi away.</p><br>
<p>Topaz was the primary internment site in the state of Utah. A smaller camp existed briefly a few miles north of Moab, which was used to isolate a few men considered to be troublemakers prior to their being sent to Leupp, Arizona. A site at Antelope Springs, in the mountains west of Topaz, was used as a recreation area by the residents and staff of Topaz.</p><br>
<h2>Life</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Most internees came from the San Francisco Bay Area, which has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, with moist mild winters and dry summers. Topaz had an extreme climate, located at 4,580 ft above sea level in the Sevier Desert. A "Midlatitude Desert" under the Köppen classification, temperatures could vary greatly throughout the day. The area experienced powerful winds and dust storms. One such storm caused structural damage to 75 buildings in 1944. Temperatures could reach below freezing from mid-September until the end of May. The average temperature in January was 26 &deg;F. Spring rains turned the clay soil to mud, which bred mosquitoes. Summers were hot, with occasional thunderstorms and temperatures that could exceed 100 &deg;F. In 1942, the first snowfall occurred on October 13, before camp construction was fully complete.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture and living arrangements</h3><br>
<p>Topaz contained a living complex known as the "city", about 1 square miles, as well as extensive agricultural lands. Within the city, 42 blocks were for internees, 34 of which were residential. Each residential block housed 200–300 people, housed in barracks that held five people within a single 20 by room. Families were generally housed together, while single adults would be housed with four other unrelated individuals. Residential blocks also contained a recreation hall, a mess hall, an office for the block manager, and a combined laundry/toilet/bathing facility. Each block contained only four bathtubs for all the women and four showers for all the men living there. These packed conditions often resulted in little privacy for residents.</p><br>
<p>Barracks were built out of wood frame covered in tarpaper, with wooden floors. Many internees moved into the barracks before they were completed, exposing them to harsh weather. Eventually, they were lined with sheetrock, and the floors filled with masonite. While the construction began in July 1942, Rooms were heated by pot-bellied stoves. There was no furniture provided. Inmates used communal leftover scrap wood from construction to build beds, tables, and cabinets. Some families also modified their living quarters with fabric partitions. Water came from wells and was stored in a large wooden tank, and was "almost undrinkable" because of its alkalinity.</p><br>
<p>Topaz also included a number of communal areas: a high school, two elementary schools, a 28-bed hospital, at least two churches, and a community garden. There was a cemetery as well, although it was never used. All 144 people who died in the camp were cremated and their ashes were held for burial until after the war. The camp was patrolled by 85–150 policemen, and was surrounded by a barbed wire fence. Manned watchtowers with searchlights were placed every.25 mi surrounding the perimeter of the camp.</p><br>
<h3>Daily life</h3><br>
<p>The camp was designed to be self-sufficient, and the majority of land within the camp was devoted to farming. Topaz inmates raised cattle, pigs, and chickens in addition to feed crops and vegetables. The vegetables were high-quality and won awards at the Millard County Fair. Due to harsh weather, poor soil, and short growing conditions, the camp was not able to supply all of its animal feed.</p><br>
<p>Topaz contained two elementary schools: Desert View Elementary and Mountain View Elementary. Topaz High School educated students grades 7–12, and there was also an adult education program. The schools were taught by a combination of local teachers and internees. Topaz High School developed a devoted community, with frequent reunions after internment ended, and a final reunion in 2012. Sports were popular within the schools as well as within the adult population, with sports including baseball, basketball, and sumo wrestling. Cultural associations sprung up throughout the camp. Topaz had a newspaper called the Topaz Times, a literary publication called Trek, and two libraries which eventually contained almost 7,000 items in both English and Japanese. Artist Chiura Obata led the Tanforan Art School at Topaz, offering art instruction to over 600 students. Internment rules usurped parental authority, and teenagers often ate meals with their friends and only joined their families to sleep at night. This combined with a lack of privacy made it difficult for parents to discipline and bond with their children, which contributed to teenage delinquency in the camp.</p><br>
<p>Some internees were permitted to leave the camp to find employment. In 1942, internees were able to get permission to leave the camp for employment in nearby Delta, where they filled labor shortages caused by the draft, mostly in agricultural labor.</p><br>
<p>Internees were also sometimes permitted to leave the camp for recreation. A former Civilian Conservation Corps camp at Antelope Springs, in mountains 90 mi to the west, was taken over as a recreation area for internees and camp staff, and two buildings from Antelope Springs were brought to the central area to be used as Buddhist and Christian churches. During a rock hunting expedition in the Drum Mountains, 16 mi west of Topaz, Akio Uhihera and Yoshio Nishimoto discovered and excavated a 1,164 lb rare iron meteorite, which the Smithsonian Institution acquired.</p><br>
<h3>Camp politics</h3><br>
<p>In 1943, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) issued all adult internees a questionnaire assessing their level of Americanization. It was entitled "Application for Leave Clearance". Questions asked about what language they spoke most frequently, their religion, and recreational activities. Participating in judo and kendo were "Japanese" activities, while playing baseball or being Christian were considered "American". Two questions asked prisoners if they were willing to fight in the US Armed Forces and if they would swear allegiance to the United States and renounce loyalty to the Emperor of Japan. Many Japanese-born Issei, who were barred from attaining American citizenship, resented the second question, feeling that an affirmative answer would leave them effectively stateless. Some Issei volunteered to join the army, even though there was no enlistment procedure for non-citizens. Others objected on other political grounds. In Topaz, nearly a fifth of male residents answered "no" to the question about allegiance. Inmates expressed their anger through a few scattered assaults against other inmates who they perceived as too close to the administration. In response to the questionnaires, some Nisei formed the Resident Council for Japanese American Civil Rights, which encouraged other prisoners to register for the draft if their civil rights were restored.</p><br>
<p>A military sentry fatally shot 63-year-old chef James Hatsuaki Wakasa on April 11, 1943, while he was walking his dog inside the camp fence. Internees went on strike protesting the death and surrounding secrecy. They held a large funeral for Wakasa as a way to express their outrage. In response, the administration determined that fears of subversive activity at the camp were largely without basis, and significantly relaxed security. The military decided that officers who had been at war in the Pacific would not be assigned to guard duty at Topaz. The guard who shot Wakasa was reassigned after being found not guilty of violating military law; this information was not given to internees.</p><br>
<p>Topaz internees Fred Korematsu and Mitsuye Endo challenged their internment in court. Korematsus case was heard and rejected at the US Supreme Court (Korematsu v. United States), the largest case to challenge internment, while Endos case was upheld. Chief Justice John Roberts repudiated and effectively overturned the Korematsu decision in his majority opinion in the 2018 case of Trump v. Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>After closing</h2><br>
<p>After Topaz was closed, the land was sold and most of the buildings were auctioned off, disassembled, and removed from the site. Even the water pipes and utility poles were sold.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Japanese American Citizens League placed a monument on the northwestern corner of the central area. On March 29, 2007, United States Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne designated "Central Utah Relocation Center Site" a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Delta High School teacher Jane Beckwith and her journalism students began to study Topaz. She spearheaded the creation of the Topaz Museum Board in 1983, which oversaw the Topaz Museum, which initially shared space with the Great Basin Museum. Funding from the Japanese-American Confinement Sites organization enabled the Topaz Board to construct its own museum building in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>In media</h2><br>
<h3>In film</h3><br>
<p>Using a smuggled camera, Dave Tatsuno shot film of Topaz. The documentary Topaz uses film he shot from 1943 to 1945. This film was an inductee of the 1997 National Film Registry list, with the added distinction of being the second "home movie" to be included on the Registry and the only color footage of camp life.</p><br>
<p>Topaz War Relocation Center is the setting for the 2007 film American Pastime, a dramatization based on actual events, which tells the story of Nikkei baseball in the camps. A portion of the camp was duplicated for location shooting in Utahs Skull Valley, approximately 40 mi west of Salt Lake City and 75 mi north of the actual Topaz site. The film used some of Tatsunos historical footage. In addition to Tatsuno&#39;s Topaz, Ken Verdoia made a 1987 documentary, also entitled Topaz.</p><br>
<h3>In literature</h3><br>
<p>Yoshiko Uchidas young adult novel Journey to Topaz (published in 1971) recounts the story of Yuki, a young Japanese American girl, whose world is disrupted when, shortly after Pearl Harbor, she and her family must leave their comfortable home in the Berkeley, California suburbs for the dusty barracks of Topaz. The book is largely based on Uchidas personal experiences: she and her family were interned at Topaz for three years.</p><br>
<p>Julie Otsukas novel When the Emperor was Divine (published in 2002) tells the story of a family forced to relocate from Berkeley to Topaz in September 1942. Each of the novels five chapters is told from the point of view of a different character. Critics praised the book&#39;s "precise but poetic evocation of the ordinary" and "ability to empathize".</p><br>
<p>In his poetry collection Topaz (published in 2013), Brian Komei Dempster examines the experience of his mother and her family, tying the history of persecution and internment to subsequent generations’ search for a 21st-century identity.</p><br>
<h3>In art</h3><br>
<p>Much of the art made by detainees at the camp depicted life there, and survives. Drawings and woodcuts by Chiura Obata and Matsusaburō (George) Hibi are among the most prominent. Some of it is collected in The Art of Gaman: Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps, 1942–1946 by Delphine Hirasuna, and has been exhibited in Topaz and at the Wight Art Gallery. In 2018, the Utah Museum of Fine Arts exhibited many Chiura Obata&#39;s works, including some made at Topaz.</p><br>
<p>Guy Park, also known as Guy Park State Historic Site or Guy Park Manor, is a house built in 1774 in the Georgian style for Guy Johnson, the Irish-born nephew and son-in-law to Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in colonial New York. Built of limestone, the house was originally situated on a square mile of land on the north side of the Mohawk River and near it for access to water transportation.</p><br>
<h2>Guy Johnson</h2><br>
<p>Born in Ireland, Guy Johnson emigrated to New York as a young man, moving to the Mohawk Valley where his uncle had his base. Johnson married Mary (also known as Polly), one of the senior Johnson&#39;s daughters with his first common-law wife, Catherine Weisenberg. In 1773 the senior Johnson gave his nephew and daughter a square mile of land near the Mohawk River as a wedding present. They built their first house there but it burned the next year after being struck by lightning.</p><br>
<p>Guy Johnson commissioned a limestone house in the Georgian architectural style, which was built in 1774. After his uncle William Johnson died in 1774, Guy was appointed by the Crown to succeed him as British Superintendent for Indian Affairs. His priority was to keep the powerful Iroquois nations on the side of the British in the face of increasing colonial tensions. As a Loyalist Johnson risked imprisonment, because of the hostility of local settlers who favored independence in the coming American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>He gathered allies and friends and left the area in 1775 for Canada, abandoning his mansion. His wife Polly died in Oswego, New York during the journey. From 1776 to 1778 Johnson lived in British-occupied New York City. By 1779, he had established headquarters in Niagara, Ontario, from where he directed military forces against the rebels in the Mohawk Valley. After the war, he returned to London, where he died in 1788.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1774 of limestone in the Georgian architectural style. It is two stories tall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1779 the new governments of the United States and New York declared as traitors those Loyalists who had gone to Canada, and the state confiscated their properties. The state sold Guy Park to a private owner. A steady flow of migrants moved along the road in the plain by the Mohawk River as part of the European-American settlement of former Iroquois lands. At this time, the state and speculators were selling millions of acres of land to the west; thousands of migrants from New England crossed the state seeking such lands; some veterans were awarded grants of land in lieu of pay.</p><br>
<p>Guy Park was used for years in the early nineteenth century as a tavern and stagecoach stop, as it was on the Mohawk Turnpike next to the river, the two main transportation routes across the state. The Erie Canal was completed in 1825, and a lock is located near the house. Later, the house was sold and served again as a private residence for many years.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the mansion was purchased by the state for preservation as a historic site. In the early 21st century, it was adapted for use as a local history museum, the Walter Elwood Museum. Elwood, a history teacher, began collecting in the 1930s. The museum has featured exhibits from his large collection of local artifacts, ranging from historic objects crafted by the Mohawk and other Iroquois tribes of New York, to items related to the development and history of the Erie Canal, the local carpet industry, and the city of Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>In August 2011, shortly after being occupied by the museum, the house was severely damaged by flooding of the Mohawk River in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene. Half of two floors were destroyed and its contents soaked and scattered. The state has struggled to stabilize the building. The museum has moved to a new location. Since 2016 work has been done to stabilize the nearby canal walls to ensure flooding is mitigated. Renovation and restoration work on home will commence after canal walls is completed.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old Patent Office Building is a historic building in Washington, D.C. that covers an entire city block between F and G Streets and 7th and 9th Streets NW in the Penn Quarter section of Chinatown. Built 1836–1867 in the Greek Revival style, the building first served as one of the earliest USA Patent Office buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building has housed many USA federal government departments, including the first exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution. The structure now houses two Smithsonian art museums: the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Designed in the Greek Revival style by architect Robert Mills, construction started in 1836, and the massive structure took 31 years to complete. United States patent law required inventors to submit scale models of their inventions, which were retained by the Patent Office and required housing.</p><br>
<p>In Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfants plan for the capital city, the site of the Patent Office Building, halfway between the Capitol and the Presidents House, was set aside for a monumental structure. LEnfant envisaged a nondenominational "church of the Republic", which he later modified to a Pantheon devoted to great Americans.</p><br>
<p>Mills described the proportions of the Greek Revival central portico as "exactly those of the Parthenon of Athens", a departure in Washington, where previously ambitious public buildings had been based on Roman and Renaissance precedents. Fireproofing the design was an essential concern: Mills spanned the interior spaces with masonry vaulting without the use of wooden beams. Skylights and interior light courts filled the spaces with daylight.</p><br>
<p>After years of political infighting, in which Congressional committees questioned Mills competence and insisted on design changes that inserted unnecessary supporting columns and tie-rods, Mills was summarily dismissed in 1851. Construction continued under the direction of Thomas U. Walter, one of Mills harshest critics, and was completed in 1865.</p><br>
<h4>United States Patent and Trademark Office</h4><br>
<p>The Patent Office was founded in 1834, and it moved to the building in 1842. From 1854 to 1857, Clara Barton worked in the building as a clerk to the Patent Commissioner, the first woman federal employee to receive equal pay.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, in 1887 the building&#39;s west wing suffered a fire that destroyed some 87,000 patent models; it was restored by Adolf Cluss, 1877–1885, in the style he termed "modern Renaissance" as documented in Patent Office 1877 fire.</p><br>
<h4>Civil war</h4><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the building was turned into military barracks, hospital, and morgue. Wounded soldiers lay on cots in second-floor galleries, among glass cases holding models of inventions that had been submitted with patent applications. The American poet Walt Whitman frequented "that noblest of Washington buildings" and read to wounded men. The building was chosen as the venue for Lincoln&#39;s Second Inaugural Ball in 1865. Whitman worked at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, located in the building, from January 24 to June 30, 1865, before being fired for having a copy of Leaves of Grass in his desk.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the 20th century, the building was occupied by the Patent Office until 1932; it then housed the Civil Service Commission. A street widening sliced away the monumental stairs to its south portico. In 1953, legislation was introduced to demolish the building for a parking lot, but President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation giving it to the Smithsonian in 1958. This was an important victory for the historic preservation movement in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Faulkner, Kingsbury & Stenhouse firm of architects supervised the renovation of the interior as museum space starting in 1964. In 1965, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h4>National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery</h4><br>
<p>The National Museum of American Art (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum) and the National Portrait Gallery opened in January 1968. The north wing housed the art museum and the south wing housed the portrait gallery. Office space and a café occupied the east wing. The center courtyard had outdoor eating space for the cafe and several large trees.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the Smithsonian revealed the Old Patent Office Building was in serious disrepair. The roof leaked; netting had to be placed in some galleries to catch falling ceiling plaster; window frames were rotting; the floor tiles in the Great Hall were crumbling, and the exterior façade was so degraded it was shedding fist-sized pieces of rock.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<h4>Renovation</h4><br>
<p>The building was closed in 2000 for needed repairs. After undergoing extensive renovations, it reopened on July 1, 2006, and was renamed The Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture in honor of a gift from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation. The building houses the collections of two Smithsonian museums: the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Smithsonian announced the building would close in January 2000 for a two-year, $42 million renovation. Hartman-Cox Architects was hired to oversee the conservation and repair. The estimated cost of the renovation then grew, initially in 2000 to $110–120 million.</p><br>
<p>The 2000 to 2006 renovation included restoring the porticos modeled after the Parthenon in Athens, a curving double staircase, colonnades, vaulted galleries, large windows, and skylights as long as a city block. According to the Smithsonian Institution, "Extraordinary effort was made to use new preservation technologies to restore the historic fabric of the building and re-use historic materials."</p><br>
<p>Prior to the buildings closure in January 2000, a decision was reached to allot about one-third of the buildings total space to the National Portrait Gallery while simultaneously eliminating the informal north-south division between the NPG and American Art Museum. This led to acrimony between the two museums, and a public debate about which collection deserved more space. The Smithsonian resolved the dispute practically: Art that best fit an exhibition space got it. (For example, since modern art often tends toward large canvases, this art is on the high-ceilinged third floor.)</p><br>
<p>By March 2001, the cost of the Old Patent Office renovation rose to $180 million. That month, Nan Tucker McEvoy (a California newspaper heiress and arts patron) donated $10 million for the renovation. The Henry Luce Foundation gave another $10 million later that year. Costs continued to rise, however.</p><br>
<p>Congress appropriated $33.5 million for the renovation, but the reconstruction costs were estimated at $214 million in June 2001 and the museum not scheduled to reopen until 2005. Just a month later, the reopening was pushed back even further to July 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the government&#39;s contribution to the renovation rose to $166 million, and more than $40 million in private funds had been raised. Smithsonian officials subsequently began discussing a major change to the renovation design: Adding a glass roof to the open courtyard in the center of the Old Patent Office Building. Congress approved the change in August 2003.</p><br>
<p>In March 2004, the Smithsonian announced that Foster and Partners, would design the glass canopy.</p><br>
<p>In November 2004, Robert Kogod (a real estate development executive) and his wife, Arlene (heir to Charles E. Smith Construction fortune) donated $25 million to complete the canopy. By then, costs had risen to $298 million with $60 million in private funds still to be raised.</p><br>
<p>In early November 2004, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC, which has statutory authority to approve all buildings and renovations in the D.C. metropolitan area) approved the preliminary design for the glass canopy. Delays in obtaining final NCPC approval and construction materials for the canopy led to a major delay in the roof&#39;s installation.</p><br>
<p>In April 2005, the Smithsonian said that the canopy would not be ready by the time the museum reopened in July 2006, and would be installed in 2007. But opposition to the canopy was rising. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), a federal agency, opposed enclosing the courtyard; the height of the canopy above the cornice line; the bright lighting of the canopy; and the destruction of the landscaping, fountains, and trees in the courtyard. Opposition was also expressed by the USA Department of the Interior, the Washington, D.C. State Preservation Office, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Foster and Partners reduced the height of the canopy and altered the way it would be lit in response to these complaints. They also redesigned the canopy to rest on eight steel pillars rather than resting on the roof of the building. The ACHP said the height and lighting changes were not enough, and that the pillars detracted from the beauty of the courtyard. The design changes, coupled with inflation, raised the cost of the canopy to $50 million from $38 million by April 2005.</p><br>
<p>NCPC reversed its two previous preliminary approvals and rejected the design for the glass canopy on June 2, 2005. NCPC officials said they were convinced by the concerns raised by preservationists, and condemned the Smithsonian&#39;s design approval process for being exclusionary. The 6-to-5 vote forced work to come to a halt on the courtyard and canopy, and required that the Smithsonian restore the courtyard to its original appearance (including reinstallation of two iron fountains). The decision cost the Smithsonian $8 million.</p><br>
<p>Unwilling to lose the canopy, the Smithsonian brought five alternatives to the NCPC on August 4. Two included a glass canopy with flat roofs. Three others lowered the canopy by an additional 11.5 ft and redirected the lighting to avoid creating a beacon-like effect for the canopy at night. All the alternatives changed the proposed landscaping of the new courtyard and added water features. At least one retained the iron fountains.</p><br>
<p>Washington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey described the changes as "relatively minor adjustments" and "pretty much the very same design". On September 8, 2005, the NCPC reversed itself yet again. It voted 9-to-2 to accept an alternative which retained the waving glass canopy, eight steel columns (unchanged from the previous design), and nighttime illumination of the previous design. The NCPC also approved the preliminary courtyard landscape design, which was created by noted landscape architect Kathryn Gustafson. Almost none of the complaints raised by historic preservationists were addressed. The delay cost the Smithsonian $10 million.</p><br>
<p>In October 2005, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation made another major gift, donating $45 million to finish both the building renovation and the canopy manufacture and installation (now scheduled to be complete in July 2007 or later). The Smithsonian agreed to call the two museums, the conservation center, courtyard, storage facility, and other operations within the Old Patent Office complex the "Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture" in appreciation for the gift.</p><br>
<p>The Smithsonian said it would call its conservation laboratory the Lunder Conservation Center after receiving a $5.7 million grant from the Harold Alfond Foundation, name the new 356-seat underground auditorium after Nan Tucker McEvoy; designate the courtyard the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard; and name its "open storage" facility the Luce Foundation Center. The two museums would retain their names, however. The Reynolds Foundation donation left just $20 million to be raised.</p><br>
<h4>Reopening</h4><br>
<p>The National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian American Art Museum reopened on July 1, 2006. The total cost of the building&#39;s renovation was $283 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, following its conclusion, Washington Post critic Philip Kennicott called the courtyard a "compelling and peaceful public space". Historic preservationists, he observed, were wrong in assuming the glass canopy would turn attention away from the building. To the contrary, he said, "the glass canopy enhances it, drawing out the sandy color and texture of the south wing...and the greenish-gray granite hues of the north wing" and allowing the details and lines of the building to come into higher relief. He called the courtyards landscaping "resplendent" and the four floor-level water scrims "captivating". He concluded, "Now that its finished, its unfortunate that the canopy isnt more visible from the outside (you need to be above street level, in an adjacent building, to see it clearly, and it can be glimpsed peeking above the roofline if seen from a few blocks away). Opponents of the canopy helped ensure that it would be all but invisible from the street. They were wrong. It deserves to be seen."</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the building was named one of the "new seven wonders of the architecture world" by Condé Nast Traveler magazine.</p><br>
<p>Martinez Hacienda, also known as Hacienda de los Martinez, is a Taos County, New Mexico hacienda built during the Spanish colonial era. It is now a living museum listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located on the bank of the Rio Pueblo de Taos.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>According to Miriam Webster, Hacienda meant a "large landed estate" in Spanish during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Its origin is the Old Spanish word facienda, which came from a Latin word that meant to do or things to be done. Often, Native Americans were brought on as "free wage" laborers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Don Antonio Severino Martinez, also known as Severino Martinez, bought the property about 2 miles southwest of the Taos Plaza in 1804, At first the building was a four-room dwelling and then it grew as Martinez became more successful. such as Comanche and Apache raiders. When there was a threat of violence, the livestock were brought into the courtyards of the hacienda for safety.</p><br>
<p>Martinez married Maria del Carmel or Maria del Carmen Santisteban in Abiquiu in 1787. They had six children together, all of whom lived after the death of their parents. He was alcalde (mayor) of Taos, a trader and merchant.</p><br>
<p>Owning five square miles of land, it was the largest Taos Valley hacienda and was a working ranch and farm. Severino raised pigs, goats, oxen, mules, burros, horses and sheep. Crops included corn, squash, wheat, peas and chilis. Severino had acquired Navajo and Ute workers for ranch and agricultural work. Maria managed 30 Native American servants on the hacienda, including women who made finished woven or knitted goods from raw wool and tanned leather. The men, women and children who served on the farm were acquired from Native American or Mexican traders.</p><br>
<p>During the Spanish colonial period, goods were either made locally or transported from Mexico City to Taos along the Spanish El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro trade route, of which the hacienda was the final northerly stop. El Camino Real trade is depicted in the hacienda museum&#39;s exhibits. He also traded goods along the Santa Fe Trail after it opened up in 1821.</p><br>
<p>Severino Martinez built a flourishing mercantile business trading goods from Northern New Mexico, allowing him to send his son Antonio José Martínez to study for the priesthood in Durango, Mexico. Antonio José was a spiritual leader in Taos from 1826 to 1867.</p><br>
<p>Severino lived at the hacienda until his death in 1827. The Martinez family held on to the property when Mexico took control of New Mexico from Spain, and again when it became a United States territory and state. It was sold in 1931 outside of the family and over the years fell into disrepair. It was purchased and reconstruction began in 1961 by Jerome Milord and his family. In 1969 or 1972 it was sold to the Kit Carson Memorial Foundation who restored the property. The hacienda was fully restored by 1982 to its state in 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Now owned by the Taos Historic Museums, it is a living museum honoring the contributions of the early Hispanic settlers in the Taos Valley. It is particularly focused on life during the 1820s under Spanish colonial rule. For instance, the weaving exhibits display wool died with vegetable based tints. And the hacienda&#39;s interior walls are white washed with tierra blanca, which is a mixture of micaceous clay and wheat paste.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few remaining Spanish colonial haciendas that is open to the public throughout the year in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It hosts the annual Taos Trade Fair in late September to reenact Spanish colonial life and celebrate the trade among mountain men, Native Americans and Spanish settlers. Demonstrations are performed of blacksmiths, wood carvers and weavers. In addition to a working weaving room, there is also a blacksmith shop within the museum.</p><br>
<p>The University Club of New York  is a private social club at 1 West 54th Street and Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Founded to celebrate the union of social duty and intellectual life, the club was chartered in 1865 for the "promotion of literature and art". The club is not affiliated with any other University Club or college alumni clubs. The club is considered one of the most prestigious in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The University Clubs predecessor, the Red Room Club, was founded in 1861 when a group of Yale College alumni founded the club to extend their collegial ties. Once the University Club received its charter, it struggled with financing, and from 1868 to 1879 the club had no permanent clubhouse and relatively few members. The club was reorganized in 1879 and became a popular social club, being housed at John Caswells residence until 1883 and then at the Jerome Mansion until the current clubhouse was completed in 1899. Women were not permitted to become members until 1986, and are today highly represented within the membership.</p><br>
<p>The current clubhouse, a nine-story granite-faced Renaissance Revival structure, was designed by Charles Follen McKim, a member of the club. It contains three main floors with a reception area at the first story, a set of library rooms on the fourth story, and a dining area on the seventh story. There are various mezzanines with bedrooms and club rooms as well, in addition to a bath and swimming pool in the basement. The clubhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a New York City designated landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>In late 1861, a group of Yale College alumni from the classes of 1859 to 1861 formed the Red Room Club to continue their collegial friendship. The club initially held meetings at the family house of Francis Edward Kernochan at 145 Second Avenue in Manhattan. During the winters of 1862 and 1863, the club met on Saturdays in one room of the Kernochan house, dubbed the "Red Room". According to a later Harpers Weekly magazine article, the club had no regular organization; the only common trait was that the members were Yale alumni. Joseph Kernochan died in late 1864 and the estate was broken up, including the familys Second Avenue house. Francis and his brother J. Frederic took rooms on 12th Street, where the Red Room Club continued to meet through early 1865.</p><br>
<h4>Incorporation and early difficulties</h4><br>
<p>The University Club of the City of New York was officially incorporated on April 28, 1865, by act of the New York State Legislature. The club was incorporated "for the purpose of the promotion of literature and art, by establishing and maintaining a library, reading-room, and gallery of art, and by such other means as shall be expedient and proper for such purpose." The founding members had graduated from various colleges and universities in addition to Yale. The clubs first president, Theodore William Dwight, was a Hamilton College alumnus and a professor at the Columbia College Law School. George Van Nest Baldwin was the vice president, Theodore B. Bronson was treasurer, Edward Mitchell was secretary, and the founders listed in the acts of incorporation were appointed to the clubs council. The original constitution did not appear to have initiation fees and the club seems to have not restricted membership based on how long ago a member graduated from a college or university. Nonetheless, membership was restricted to men.</p><br>
<p>After incorporation, the club officers wished to collect $4,500 from members to raise money for a clubhouse. The next month, the club was able to sign a short-term lease at a townhouse on 9 Brevoort Place. This clubhouse was on what is now 10th Street east of Broadway. In its first year, the University Club had over 100 names on its rolls. The club had so little money, the townhouse&#39;s landlady agreed to accept $750 of the $1,250 lease payment. Disputes over financing continued through 1867, even though the space was subleased to Loyal Legion, which similarly had low finances. Having no money to pay off outstanding debts or lease space, the University Club moved out of Brevoort Place in late 1867.</p><br>
<p>The club was nearly dormant for the next twelve years, with low membership and no permanent clubhouse. In 1869, the club met in the rooms of Luther M. Jones at 32 Waverly Place, and George V. N. Baldwin was elected as president. The next year, the University Club met at the office of F. E. Kernochan at 23 Broadway, and in 1871 the members voted to not seek any more clubhouses or elect any new members. Though club records are inconsistent, the members met in late 1871 at 81 Fifth Avenue; Kernochans house, on 18 West 33rd Street; and George St. J. Sheffields house, at 11 East 42nd Street. With 28 members in 1872, the club often met for dinners, and its meetings tended to be "more entertaining than serious". By late 1874, the club had dwindled to 24 members and existed as the University Dining Club.</p><br>
<h4>Reorganization and growth</h4><br>
<p>The news media reported in December 1878 that the University Club was to resume activities. The board of officers were planning to elect 200 new members, but The New York Times reported: "It is believed that there will be no difficulty in securing a membership of a thousand, if so large a number seems desirable." The members appointed a committee in March to search for a new clubhouse and an official club restaurant. The constitution of the club was modified in April and May to accommodate the additional memberships. and membership was initially capped at 750.</p><br>
<p>In May 1879, the University Club leased the John Caswell residence at Fifth Avenue and 35th Street for five years. The residence was a freestanding four-story brick building. Club member Robert H. Robertson renovated the house to accommodate the club. The ornately decorated building contained a lounging room, a dining room, and a piazza on the first floor, with additional functions on the upper stories. While at the Caswell residence, the University Club formed its library.</p><br>
<p>The University Club quickly outgrew the Caswell house and began planning improvements in 1881. The clubs council first proposed extending the lease and building an annex on an adjacent vacant plot, but this failed. The council then proposed buying the house for $500,000 in May 1883, also unsuccessfully. Ultimately, the club signed a lease for Leonard Jeromes residence at 26th Street and Madison Avenue, the Jerome Mansion, The club was thus allowed to pay $22,500 a year for five years with the option for a five-year extension at $24,000 a year. The University Club bought some of the furniture from the house&#39;s previous occupant. The club built a kitchen on the roof, above the theater attached to the house. Some improvements to the house were postponed until 1886, when the theater was converted into a dining room and an elevator was installed to designs by C. C. Haight.</p><br>
<p>Anderson retired as president of the club in 1888, and George Absalom Peters was elected as the club&#39;s new president. In the same year, the club leased the Jerome Mansion for another five years. James W. Alexander was elected as club president in 1891. The club had 1,884 members by 1893, and the Jerome Mansion was not large enough to fit all the members. The president was authorized to lease an adjacent house on Madison Avenue, owned by the Stokes family, but this never happened. In October 1893, the Jerome Mansion lease was extended five years, and around the same time, membership was increased to 2,100.</p><br>
<h3>Permanent clubhouse building</h3><br>
<p>By the mid-1890s, the University Club had no vacancies in its membership and hundreds of people on a waiting list to join. However, the Jerome Mansion was becoming too small to meet the clubs needs. As early as 1893, the club had considered buying the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 54th Street was part of the old campus of St. Lukes Hospital, which had moved to Morningside Heights, Manhattan, in 1893.</p><br>
<h4>Planning and construction</h4><br>
<p>At the meeting of February 1896, a five-person committee was created to identify sites for a new clubhouse. On May 4, 1896, the committee announced that it had examined several sites and recommended three sites. Two other sites along Fifth Avenue were also suggested: one at the southeast corner with 37th Street and one at the southeast corner of 44th Street. The 54th Street parcel could be bought for $675,000, while the 37th and 44th Street parcels were offered by the Stevens family under 20-year leases at $35,000 per year.</p><br>
<p>The council moved to recommend the 54th Street site on May 5, 1896, as that offer expired in 48 hours. The next week, the members at large voted to approve the 54th Street site, which consisted of five lots. With the assurance that a new clubhouse would be developed, the council was finally able to increase its membership.</p><br>
<p>Charles F. McKim, who was a club member, was selected as the primary architect of the new clubhouse in June 1896. The next month, the clubs council authorized the purchase of two additional lots immediately adjacent to the property from the Rockefeller family, one on 54th Street and an adjacent tract on 55th Street. and construction began the same month. Charles T. Wills was hired as the general contractor. The buildings predicted cost was over $2 million, including land and furniture. The club took out two mortgage loans, one for $1.2 million and another for $350,000. The development of the new clubhouse was described in the New-York Tribune as part of a trend of clubs relocating uptown. By late 1898, the clubhouse was nearly completed.</p><br>
<h4>Opening and early 20th century</h4><br>
<p>The members were notified in April 1899 that the Jerome Mansion clubhouse was to be closed. The new clubhouse at Fifth Avenue and 54th Street was completed by May 1899. To fund the new building, the club&#39;s annual membership fee increased by $75 the year after the clubhouse opened. By the end of 1901, the club had 2,800 members, of which nearly 2,000 came from four colleges: Columbia, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton.</p><br>
<p>Alexander resigned as president of the University Club in 1899, having overseen the completion of the clubhouse. Lawyer Charles C. Beaman was elected as the president at the annual meeting in 1899, but he died at his Manhattan home the following year. Retired judge Henry E. Howland, characterized in The New York Times as "one of the best known lawyers in America", was elected as president in 1901. retired attorney Edmund Wetmore, who had been one of the club&#39;s cofounders,</p><br>
<p>In March 1916, the University Club obtained an option to buy two lots on 54th Street and 55th Street, which adjoined the existing clubhouse. The new acquisition on 54th Street was directly across from the houses of John D. Rockefeller and his son John Jr. Thacher was replaced as club president in 1919 by A. Barton Hepburn. George W. Wickersham was the club&#39;s president from the mid-1920s until 1930, when he was replaced by electromechanical engineer Michael Idvorsky Pupin.</p><br>
<h3>Mid-20th century to present</h3><br>
<p>Women were banned from the clubhouse altogether until 1928, when they were allowed to attend Sunday evening suppers, as well as the biannual ladies supper. In 1940, the clubhouse hosted a couples dance for the first time in its history.</p><br>
<p>By 1980, the clubs council was considering women as full members; even though the clubs bylaws did not prohibit women, none had ever been accepted as members. At the time, the New York City Council was contemplating a bill that would prevent gender- or race-based restrictions for private clubs. Opponents of the proposal said the club was meant for men and that accepting women would cause pressure for the admissions committee. The council had given women the right to use the private library in early 1980 without consulting the members. At a vote that May, the members voted to prevent women from obtaining full memberships. The city government enacted its antidiscrimination law in 1984 and opened an investigation into the University Club in 1986. Fifty-three percent of members voted in January 1987 to ignore that law, though some opponents said they voted to protest the city government regulating what the club could do. To comply with the law, the club was considering firing many of its waitstaff. Finally, in June 1987, the club voted to allow women to become members. Within a year, 16 women had been admitted as members, out of 4,000 total members.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse accumulated dirt throughout its history until it was cleaned in 1984. The annex was cleaned before the main building was. The facade, which had darkened to a gray hue, was restored to its original color, although architectural critic Christopher Gray said the change "was not necessarily an aesthetic improvement". With the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020, many members relocated to the suburbs, prompting the club to fire some workers.</p><br>
<h2>Clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>McKim, Mead & White designed the University Clubs clubhouse, and William M. Kendall of that firm was also involved in the design process. The architects drew inspiration from their education at the École des Beaux-Arts. It was designed like a 16th-century palazzo in the Mediterranean Revival and Italian Renaissance styles, although the building also has distinct architectural features not inspired by the palazzo style. The buildings design resembled that of the Palazzo Rucellai and the Palazzo Medici Riccardi.</p><br>
<p>The current clubhouse is composed of two adjoining structures. The original nine-story building at Fifth Avenue and 54th Street measures 100 by at ground level. The addition was constructed by general contractor Marc Eidlitz & Son.</p><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The University Clubs clubhouse is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is on the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue to the east and 54th Street to the south. The land lot is L-shaped and covers 22,650 ft2, with a frontage of 100 ft on Fifth Avenue and a depth of 175 ft along 54th Street. The westernmost section of the lot extends the entire depth of the city block to 55th Street. The lot originally had a frontage of 100 feet on Fifth Avenue and 150 ft on 54th Street. An additional 25-foot-wide strip of land on 54th and 55th Streets, extending 200 ft deep between the two streets, was obtained in 1916. With this purchase, the University Clubs site assumed its current frontage of 175 feet on 54th Street and 52 ft on 55th Street.</p><br>
<p>To the west, the clubhouse abuts the residences at 5, 7, 9–11, 13 and 15 West 54th Street and the Rockefeller Apartments, while to the north, it wraps around The Peninsula New York hotel at Fifth Avenue and 55th Street. The clubhouse is also near Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church and 712 Fifth Avenue to the north, the St. Regis New York hotel to the northeast, 689 Fifth Avenue and 19 East 54th Street to the east, the William H. Moore House to the southeast, and Saint Thomas Church and the Museum of Modern Art to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The original nine-story facade is clad with pink Milford granite. The granite is divided into rusticated blocks, though the grooves of the rustication are less deep on upper stories. with horizontal band courses separating the bottom, middle, and top sections of the building. Each of these sections, measuring three stories high, have double-height arched windows at the bottom. One of the institutions, the United States Naval Academy, had no seal, so the architects invented one for the facade. Beneath the shields are inscriptions with the universities&#39; names in Latin, sculpted by Daniel Chester French. These seals were commissioned at a cost of $1,000 each and were funded by members who were alumni of the respective colleges. The corners of the building have slightly projecting rusticated piers reaching its full height.</p><br>
<p>On the first story, there are six arched windows on 54th Street, three on each side of the decorative main entrance; there are also five similar windows on Fifth Avenue. There are keystones above each of the window, which depict mythological characters such as satyrs, nymphs, and the gods Pan and Bacchus. The 54th Street entrance consists of a massive arch flanked by a pair of rusticated columns, above which is a lintel,</p><br>
<p>The middle section also has double-height arched windows on the fourth story: seven on 54th Street and five on Fifth Avenue. Outside some of these arched windows are ornate balconies with iron railings.</p><br>
<p>The top section has double-height arched windows at the seventh story, arranged in the same manner as the fourth-story windows. On top of the clubhouse building is a roof garden. The roof is entirely laid in stone and surrounded by a tall stone coping. Some sources considered the roof garden as a tenth floor since it is partially roofed over.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior arrangement was designed with three double-height main floors and three mezzanine stories above them. The first, fourth, and seventh stories were the main floors respectively contained the lobby, library, and dining rooms. The staircase, connecting all the stories of the building, is made of marble with metal balustrade and wooden handrail. The clubhouse also included amenities that were typical of other clubhouses, such as a swimming pool, library, lounges, and guest rooms.</p><br>
<h4>First through third floors</h4><br>
<p>The first floor of the Club is occupied by the central hall, with a lounging room on the east side and an office and cafe on the west side. The hall is rectangular in plan, measuring 25 ft high, 60 ft long, and 50 ft wide. It has a vaulted ceiling supported by dark green Connemara marble columns with gilded Doric capitals at their tops.</p><br>
<p>Leading from the central hall&#39;s east wall is a hallway with a candelabra designed by Edward F. Caldwell. In addition, there was red velvet furniture.</p><br>
<p>The southwest corner of the building had a cafe decorated in wood and leather. The cafe measured 40 ft square and originally had leather-covered chairs and lounges and dark wood tables. The ceiling of the cafe had ivory white paneling. As of 2021, the Dwight Room takes up the first floor and has luncheon buffets, cocktails, and afternoon tea. Other rooms on the first floor included the coat room, office, and strangers&#39; reception room. A staircase ascends from the northwest corner of the first floor. The second-story landing has a billiards room. The third-story landing was furnished with 17 bedrooms, each with their own bathroom. These were rented to members for up to a week at a time.</p><br>
<h4>Fourth through sixth floors</h4><br>
<p>The fourth floor contains the library, reading and writing rooms, and council chamber. There are marble sculpture busts depicting ancient philosophers Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Plato. These were sculpted in Rome by M. Ezekiel and were presented to the club in 1905 by member John Woodruff Simpson. The center of the east wall has another doorway leading to the magazine room, and the center of the north wall leads to a large room with a groin vault.</p><br>
<p>The library measures 135 ft long, 34 ft wide, and 24 ft high. a source from 1994 described the library as having 130,000 volumes. There are five alcoves on each of the north and south walls. The space between the alcoves on opposite walls is 16 ft wide and contains a vaulted ceiling divided into five sections. The pieces symbolize various subjects and are composed both of original work by Mowbray and copies of Pinturicchio. Small staircases between the vaults lead to balconies above each alcove on the fifth floor, which contain access to the upper shelves. The design in general was meant to be evocative of the Borgia Apartments at the Vatican.</p><br>
<p>The gallery is bounded on the east and west by additional rectangular study rooms, each with portraits and bookshelves. North of the east study room, and east of the atrium, is the magazine room, which is at the center of the Fifth Avenue facade. The magazine room has a vaulted ceiling divided into segments. The ceiling has an ivory hue while the walls are of buckram. The magazine room is generally decorated in dark green and red. Beyond that is a conversation room with red tapestries on the walls and a hemispherical white-tinted ceiling. The corners of the conversation room have pilasters topped by silver capitals. The main atrium and the magazine room were decorated in collaboration with Elmer E. Garnsey.</p><br>
<p>The fifth floor, the mezzanine above the library, contains a small smoking room in the northwest corner. It has a beamed ceiling and wainscoting, and a mantelpiece in the Dutch style. It also contains a room that at one point housed the College Memorabilia collections. The sixth floor, as with the third floor, had seventeen bedrooms.</p><br>
<h4>Seventh through ninth floors</h4><br>
<p>The hall at the center of the seventh floor has paneled oak walls, a flat ceiling containing low relief panels, and three portals leading to the main dining room.</p><br>
<p>The main dining room on the seventh floor occupies the entire length of the 54th Street facade. The main dining room also has large fireplace mantels at either end. The mantel on the west end was reportedly several hundred years old. The floor is made of stone.</p><br>
<p>The northwest corner of the seventh floor is occupied by the council room and an adjoining anteroom. The council room measures 40 by and is finished in Italian walnut with a coved ceiling. The walls have Doric pilasters with intervening panels of wood and mirrors, the chimney breast being carried to the ceiling, and surmounted by elaborate wood-carving. The ceiling is divided into lozenge-shaped panels depicting figures upon a blue background. Other parts of the ceiling, including the ribs, are colored gold. The council room&#39;s wall space was nearly entirely fitted with mirrors. Above the main dining room is an eight story with a kitchen and storerooms. The ninth story contains dining rooms for private parties. it was designed as four private rooms, which were separated by curtains but could be combined.</p><br>
<h4>Basement</h4><br>
<p>From the first floor, a staircase leads to the basement. The basement was designed with bowling alleys and a Roman bath. which had facilities for power, heat, light, ventilation, and ice. On the Fifth Avenue side is a swimming pool with equipment for full Turkish bath. The swimming pool itself is 48 by wide and is built of white marble, with sidewalls made of white glazed brick. The swimming pool contains a fountain shaped like a brass lions head, while the ceiling of the pool area is painted as a trompe-lœil blue sky. Surrounding the bath are dressing rooms, saunas, and a lounging and smoking room at one end. A basement in the annex contained the bicycle storage room and wine cellar.</p><br>
<h2>Memberships</h2><br>
<p>The club, nicknamed "The U" by its members, The club is not affiliated with any other University Club or college alumni clubs.</p><br>
<p>Under the 1879 constitution, the club&#39;s executive powers were held by a 20-member council and membership was handled by a 21-member council. All members were required to have graduated from a postsecondary institution at least three years prior or received an honorary A.M. or LL.D. in the latter case, the graduation requirement was waived. In addition, Military Academy and Naval Academy graduates were eligible. Before 1885, the required minimum period of graduation was five years. The constitution initially allowed any honorary degree holder to become a member, but the constitution was amended in 1882 to restrict the criterion to certain degrees., all members were required to have earned a baccalaureate degree from any college or university that had accreditation, as long as they sent a proposal for admission form and letters of recommendation from existing members.</p><br>
<p>In the 1879 constitution, it was provided that all members who joined before May 10, 1879, would pay a $50 initiation fee, and all members after that date would pay $100. Members who were residents of New York City paid $50 in annual dues and non-resident members paid $25. In 1895, life memberships were introduced; members of at least ten years could purchase life memberships for $750. The first life membership was issued to philanthropist Joseph F. Loubat that year. In the 21st century, modern membership fees and statistics were generally not publicized, but The New York Times reported in 2015 that annual fees ranged from $1,000 to $5,000.</p><br>
<p>The maximum number of members has varied over time, and the 1879 constitution originally restricted the club to 750 members, without apportionment based on whether a member lived in the city. By the 21st century, the University Club&#39;s clubhouse was being used frequently for finance-related events.</p><br>
<h2>House rules</h2><br>
<p>The University Club maintains a dress code as part of its house rules., male members and guests must wear jackets and dress shirts and were recommended to wear ties. Female members and guests had to wear tailored "clothing meeting similar standards", such as suits, dresses, or skirts with sweaters or dress shirts. The dress code prohibits informal clothing. During weekends, members could wear polo shirts instead of jackets in several rooms, and members and guests could wear prohibited clothing if they used the secondary entrance at 3 West 54th Street to access a guest room or athletic facility. The University Club continues to allow nude swimming for men, unlike other private clubs in New York City, which had banned the practice.</p><br>
<p>The University Clubs house rules also restrict electronic devices, photography, and the use of the clubs name. According to the house rules, cellphones are required to be silenced and could not be used except in telephone booths or private rooms. Additionally, other devices such as laptops could be used only in the library or other parts of the clubhouse. The house rules also required members or guests to obtain permission before photographing the club or describing its facilities and activities. The club&#39;s house committee had to approve any media appearances involving the club. Smoking and bringing animals into the clubhouse was also generally prohibited under the rules. The club has strictly enforced regulations on guests, as in 1997, when then-USA first lady Hillary Clinton and reporter Cindy Adams were ejected after they broke a rule regarding discussion.</p><br>
<h2>Club seal</h2><br>
<p>The University Club had no official seal until 1883, when the secretary was asked to create a seal "with the name of the Club in a circle with the date of incorporation in the centre". With the construction of the 54th Street clubhouse, the club adopted a more ornate seal in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The design represents two Greek youths, their hands clasped in friendship. One of them holds a tablet bearing the word "Patria". The other holds a torch representing learning as well as eternity. The flame was inspired by Ancient Greek mythology, in which a succession of runners carried a burning torch and passed it to each other; this was meant to symbolize how learning was passed down between generations of scholars. Behind the two youths is a figure of Athena, the Greek deity of wisdom, on an altar. A Greek language inscription on the club seal translates to "In Fellowship Lies Friendship".</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<h3>Founding members</h3><br>
<p>The University Club&#39;s articles of incorporation on April 28, 1865, list the following individuals:</p><br>
<p>Charles Astor Bristed (Yale College class of 1839)</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Chandler (Gottingen University class of 1856)</p><br>
<p>Joseph H. Choate (Harvard College class of 1852)</p><br>
<p>Theodore W. Dwight (Hamilton College class of 1840)</p><br>
<p>John Taylor Johnston (New York University class of 1839)</p><br>
<p>Luther M. Jones (Yale College class of 1860), also a founding member of the Red Room Club</p><br>
<p>Francis E. Kernochan (Yale College class of 1861), also a founding member of the Red Room Club</p><br>
<p>Edward Mitchell (Columbia College class of 1861)</p><br>
<p>Eugene Schuyler (Yale College class of 1859), also a founding member of the Red Room Club</p><br>
<p>George T. Strong (Columbia College class of 1838)</p><br>
<p>Russell Sturgis Jr. (City College of New York class of 1856)</p><br>
<p>Edmund Wetmore (Harvard College class of 1860)</p><br>
<p>Henry R. Winthrop (Yale College class of 1830)</p><br>
<p>The University Club&#39;s founding membership includes the men who participated in the predecessor organization, the Red Room Club, from 1861 to 1864. These members were all alumni of Yale and graduated from 1859 to 1863.</p><br>
<p>Henry F. Dimock (class of 1863)</p><br>
<p>Horace W. Fowler (class of 1863)</p><br>
<p>William H. Fuller (class of 1861)</p><br>
<p>Henry Holt (class of 1862)</p><br>
<p>Francis E. Kernochan (class of 1861)</p><br>
<p>J. Frederic Kernochan (class of 1863)</p><br>
<p>Franklin MacVeagh (class of 1862)</p><br>
<p>Walter L. McClintock (class of 1862)</p><br>
<p>Luther M, Jones (class of 1860)</p><br>
<p>George C. Ripley (class of 1862)</p><br>
<p>Eugene Schuyler (class of 1859)</p><br>
<p>Alfred O. J. Taylor (class of 1859)</p><br>
<p>Robert Kelley Weeks (class of 1862)</p><br>
<p>William C. Whitney (class of 1863)</p><br>
<p>Buchanan Winthrop (class of 1862)</p><br>
<h3>Other members</h3><br>
<p>In the first year book, the names on the rolls included:</p><br>
<p>Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, president of Columbia University</p><br>
<p>Edward Cooper, mayor of New York City</p><br>
<p>Chauncey M. Depew, USA Senator from New York</p><br>
<p>Abram S. Hewitt, mayor of New York City and USA Representative from New York</p><br>
<p>Charlton Thomas Lewis, lawyer and author</p><br>
<p>Over the years, many notable professionals have been admitted as members. A partial list includes:</p><br>
<p>Michael Bloomberg, mayor of New York City</p><br>
<p>Temple Bowdoin, banker</p><br>
<p>Morgan G. Bulkeley, governor of Connecticut and USA senator from Connecticut</p><br>
<p>Clarence Cary, lawyer</p><br>
<p>A. Barton Hepburn, banker</p><br>
<p>J. Pierpont Morgan, banker. It was during a dinner at the University Club that J.P. Morgan formalized the purchase of Andrew Carnegie&#39;s steel company (one of the largest deals ever)</p><br>
<p>William Osler, physician, professor</p><br>
<p>David Paterson, governor of New York</p><br>
<p>Endicott Peabody, head of the Groton School</p><br>
<p>Henry Smith Pritchett, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</p><br>
<p>James Ford Rhodes, historian, president of the American Historical Association</p><br>
<p>Edwin Wilbur Rice, electrical engineer</p><br>
<p>Joseph E. Ridder, newspaper publisher</p><br>
<p>Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor</p><br>
<p>Francis Hopkinson Smith, artist, author, and lecturer</p><br>
<p>Nikola Tesla, inventor</p><br>
<p>Charles Brewster Wheeler, USA Army brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Boone Hall Plantation is a historic district located in Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, South Carolina, United States and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The plantation is one of America&#39;s oldest plantations still in operation, as it has continually produced agricultural crops for over 320 years. The majority of this labor, as well as the construction of the buildings and its characteristic bricks, was performed by enslaved African Americans. For this reason, the site was named one of the African American Historic Places in South Carolina in 2009. The historic district includes a 1936 Colonial Revival-style dwelling, and multiple significant landscape features, including an allée of southern live oak trees, believed to have been planted in 1743. The site is open for public tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>17th and 18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The earliest known reference to the site is in 1681 in a land grant of 470 acre from owner Theophilus Patey to his daughter Elizabeth and her new husband Major John Boone as a wedding gift. Their land became known as Boone Hall Plantation, but it is unknown when a house was built on the site. John Boone was one of the first settlers to arrive in the colony of South Carolina, doing so in 1672. Boone and his wife were ancestors of Founding Fathers Edward Rutledge and John Rutledge.</p><br>
<p>Boone was elected to the colonial Grand Council during the 1680s, but was removed twice because he illegally trafficked enslaved Native Americans, became associated with pirates, and concealed stolen goods. He did hold other local offices, such as tax assessor and highway commissioner. When Boone died, he divided his estate among his wife and five children. His eldest son, Thomas, made Boone Hall his home. It later passed to another descendant known as John Boone.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Boone family owned the plantation until fourteen years after descendant John Boones death, when his widow Sarah Gibbes Boone sold the property in 1811 to Thomas A. Vardell for $12,000 (~$ in ). Shortly after, Henry and John Horlbeck bought the property, including the enslaved African Americans. They used a number of the enslaved workers, formerly in the fields, to make bricks. During the early 19th century, Charlestons landowners built and expanded their houses in town and along the Ashley River.</p><br>
<p>While the Horlbeck brothers have received credit for "building" many houses and public spaces in downtown Charleston using the brick from their plantations, enslaved workers had made the bricks and others accomplished the actual construction under the watch of the Horlbecks and their overseers. The work of talented slaves, with self-taught and acquired skills, including carpentry, mathematics, and geometry, were central to the construction and appearance of many Charleston-area structures. By 1850, these laborers produced 4 million bricks, by hand, per year. The fingerprints of these workers are still visible in the bricks of many of these historic sites.</p><br>
<p>The Horlbeck family planted the allée, the Avenue of Oaks that leads up to the plantation house. Enslaved gardeners and field laborers planted each oak in 1843, using hand tools. Similarly, the Horlbecks directed their workers to plant pecan trees on the plantation to cultivate a commodity crop. By the end of the century, Boone Hall was one of the leading producers of pecans in the United States.</p><br>
<p>When Henry Horlbeck died in 1837, several of his children settled his estate by transferring their interests in Boone Hall to four of his sons—Henry, Daniel, Edward, and John Horlbeck. The sale occurred on October 1, 1842, and described the plantation as having a "Wooden Dwelling House Brick Stables Barns Brick Kilns and buildings" on 1442 acres "commonly called and known by the name of Boone Hall."</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Canadian Thomas Stone purchased Boone Hall Plantation in 1935 from the Horlbeck estate, coinciding with the Colonial Revival architectural era. Deciding that the surviving wooden house did not fit their idea of a southern plantation house, Stone and his wife, Alexandra, demolished the historic structure. They replaced it with a historically styled, yet modern house in 1936. The Stones focused the property&#39;s agricultural production toward the 200-acre pecan farming operation of what had been a 700-acre pecan farm. They also built an electrical plant that created power from the tides of the nearby rivers to power the plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the Stones sold the plantation to Georgian prince Dimitri Jorjadze and his wife Audrey Emery Jorjadze, an American socialite. The prince raced thoroughbreds under the nom de course, Boone Hall Stable. His most notable horse was Princequillo, who in 1943 was the fastest distance runner in the United States. The Jorjadzes sold the plantation to Dr. Henry Deas in 1945.</p><br>
<p>He sold it a decade later to Harris M. McRae and his wife Nancy in 1955. The McRaes continued to farm the land, shifting the focus to peach trees. They opened the plantation to public tours in 1956.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Boone Hall is still owned by the McRae family, which has made great efforts to preserve the original structures and gardens. Due to its role in the antebellum south and the survival of its brick slave cabins, the site was named one of the African American Historic Places in South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The house at Boone Hall Plantation is modern, built during the first half of the 20th century. Thomas Stone commissioned architect William Harmon Beers to design a larger, modern residence in the Colonial Revival style. It was constructed by builder Cambridge M. Trott in 1936. Built on the gently sloping banks of Horlbeck Creek, the south-facing residence is a two-and-half story building that incorporates materials from the plantation&#39;s old farm structures, as well as salvaged historic brick recovered from the Laurel Hill Brickyard.</p><br>
<p>The eight-bay-wide facade is slightly asymmetrical, with its pedimented gable portico at the fourth, fifth and sixth bays. The portico is supported by six massive Tuscan columns, and features a bull&#39;s-eye window in the tympanum. On the ground level, the three western bays feature shuttered 9/9 windows, while the two eastern bays are slightly smaller with 6/9 windows. Within the portico are smaller 6/6 windows flanking the paneled entry door with sidelights and fanlight. Second-level window openings are slightly shorter, with a 6/6 sash. An oculus window occupies the space between the second and third bays on the western side of the facade. Above the entry is an iron balcony accessed by French doors. The lateral hipped roof has a medium pitch, with tall brick exterior chimneys at each side elevation. One interior chimney pierces the slate roof.</p><br>
<p>On the northern, rear facade, a wing of four bays projects from the eastern half of the house. The roof is hipped and has two gabled dormers on all three sides of the wing, indicating a finished attic level. Brick exterior chimneys are located at the rear and east elevations of the wing, which has 6/9 windows at both levels. There are two further projections from the rear wing. A small one-story brick wing on the north elevation, with hipped roof and exterior chimney, was originally used for farm-related storage. At the rear bay of the east elevation is a one-story, one-by-one bay frame wing, with a slate gable roof and exterior brick chimney attached to the house as an office. This small structure predates the main house, and was relocated, attached and re-sided.</p><br>
<p>Within the ell at the rear of the house, connecting the library at the front of the house with the loggia in the rear wing, is a brick paved terrace enclosed with a serpentine wall. Single and</p><br>
<p>double French doors, with fanlight, in round-arched surrounds access the terrace from the library, while the west wall of the loggia opens to the terrace with a row of three French doors with sidelights and fanlights in round-arched openings. The mansion has an excavated basement with cement slab flooring, and 5&#39;5" walls of smooth cement on which the brick exterior walls rest. Brick piers lend additional</p><br>
<p>support to the main structure.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>As a modern-built, classical revival/Colonial Revival structure, the interior of the historic house echoes design choices made by master builders of the 18th century. The floor plan covers about 10,000 ft&sup2, with principal rooms located on the ground floor. The foyer has plaster walls with a double cornice at ceiling level, and flooring of teak parquet. A cantilevered winding staircase rises to the second level, lit by a triple-hung arched window with 12-light sash. To the left of the foyer is the library, accessed through a mahogany paneled door, with an arched tympanum and keystone, that matches the exterior entry door. Shallow steps lead down from a landing just inside the room to the floor of wide oak boards. The walls are clad in dark green painted cypress paneling, offset by a white chair rail that flanks a simple fireplace surround, glass-fronted built-in bookshelves, and a cornice with heavy dentil molding. On the north side of the library, are ornate French doors, with a semicircular arch in the Palladian style, that access the terrace. Centered on the east wall of the foyer is an arched opening, with fluted pilasters and keystone, that accesses a short hallway that steps down to the double door entry of the dining room. The dining room features oak flooring and cypress paneling painted red. The modest dentil cornice, fireplace surround and chair rail are painted white, matching the treatment in the library. The dining room connects with the kitchen through a butler&#39;s pantry with glass-fronted cabinets, topped by smaller cabinets at the ceiling level that extend completely around the room. The countertops are made of Monel, and the narrow oak flooring continues into the large kitchen designed to facilitate grand-scale entertaining.</p><br>
<p>Accessed through an arched opening on the north wall of the foyer, located under the winding staircase, is the entry into the loggia, adjacent to the west of the kitchen in the rear wing, that leads to the game room at the north end of the rear wing. The enclosed loggia features a low groin-vaulted ceiling of brick and cement stucco, herringbone-laid brick flooring, and centered on a round-arched fireplace surround with a mirrored inset above the mantel. Opposite the fireplace are three double door arched openings to the terrace. The game room has exposed ceiling beams of rough-hewn cypress, cypress paneled walls and salvaged wide heart pine flooring that may have been saved from the prior plantation residence that was demolished so that this house could be built on the same site. The game room also gives access to a small wine cellar located in the basement. The private family quarters (not open for public tours) are found on the second floor and are accessed by a hallway featuring arches with fluted pilasters and keystones. The bedrooms have generally simpler finishes than those found on the ground floor, though the rear bedrooms and the third level finished space are quite plain. Giving access to each floor is an elevator that rises from the basement to the second level.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds and other significant structures at the Site</h3><br>
<p>Boone Hall Plantation comprises 738 acres. The landscape includes areas of cultivated, seasonal crop fields, but also includes preserved wetlands, creeks, and ponds.</p><br>
<p>The most notable feature of the grounds is the grand Avenue of Oaks that was first planted in 1743 and completed by the Horlbeck brothers in 1843. On axis with the front facade of the house, the allée consists of 88 live oak trees and one magnolia, that are evenly spaced. It runs for 3/4 of a mile from the entrance of the plantation to a pair of brick gateposts. The gateposts are topped with ball finals, hung with formal wrought iron gates and, along with a brick serpentine wall, enclose the forecourt of the house. Open lawns at each side of the entry drive are flanked by formal gardens with brick-paved paths, laid among large live oaks and planted with camellias, azaleas and Noisette roses. Visitors arriving to the house in the 19th century by carriage would have driven through the tunnel of oaks, and past the many slave quarters to the left of the road. Their number and small massing would have starkly contrasted to the large, master&#39;s house at the end of the drive. Such a vista symbolizes the place as a place of work and production, rather than leisure.</p><br>
<p>The first slave cabins were likely made of wood. These brick slave cabins date from between 1790 and 1810. Built of brick, the one-story structures are 12 feet by 30 feet with gabled roofs, have either plank or dirt floors, and a simple fireplace with a brick hearth and no mantle at the rear of each house. The cabins were in use well into the 20th century, as they were occupied by sharecroppers through the 1940s. These dwellings were continuously occupied by enslaved workers, then free sharecroppers for nearly 150 years, making them incredibly significant to the history of the site.</p><br>
<p>On the wide forecourt directly in front of the house are two pergolas, constructed in 1993 as part of the ongoing efforts to enhance the gardens. At the southwest edge of the gardens, within the serpentine wall, is a brick smokehouse dating from 1750. The cylindrical structure has a conical timber roof sheathed in slate.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast of the main house is the large Cotton Gin house built in the 1850s. The machinery to process cotton is no longer found, and has since been used as a guest house, restaurant and gift shop by subsequent owners. This building has been renovated and reopened in September 2023 with a new visitor center, a museum that spans over three hundred years of history, a new gift shop, and historic event rental space upstairs.</p><br>
<h2>Boone Hall Plantation, Inc.</h2><br>
<h3>Boone Hall Farms</h3><br>
<p>The agricultural operation of Boone Hall Plantation, incorporated filed with South Carolina Secretary of State to do business as Boone Hall Farms. During the spring and summer, BHF cultivates strawberries, and hosts an annual Low Country Strawberry Festival at the peak of each growing season, when guests pick thousands of pounds of strawberries from the U-Pick fields. The Boone Hall Farms farm-to-table program generates produce including tomatoes, squash, cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, and other produce for over 35 Lowcountry businesses and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>Boone Hall Farms now also offers its produce at Willie&#39;s Roadside Market, one of the premier outdoor farmers markets in the Lowcountry. Named after late Boone Hall owner Willie McRae, this market features a variety of fresh produce that is picked fresh daily in season from local Boone Hall Farms fields, and is often available for purchase on the same day.</p><br>
<h3>Slave quarters</h3><br>
<p>The slave quarters that remain on the structure are the brick quarters that housed enslaved workers at the property. They have survived in large part because of the durability and quality of the materials they were constructed from. Many structures that house slaves were made from wood, and were easily removed from agricultural landscapes when the owner decided they no longer wanted a visual marker of the history of the enslaved on their property. The interpretation of the slave quarters at Boone Hall Plantation is more extensive than that of the main house, and includes many archaeological artifacts uncovered around these houses. The history of the enslaved workers at Boone Hall Plantation are also linked to Gullah culture, interpreted through living history presentations through song and storytelling. The history of the main house is disconnected entirely from the history of the slave quarters, however. While domestic enslaved workers would have cooked, cleaned, and performed many other tasks for the Boone, then Horlbeck families, slavery was illegal in 1935 when the historic house was built. Such limited interpretive exploration may be attributed to the sites lack of a curator, or curatorial staff to do more research and writing for the publics benefit.</p><br>
<h3>2020 plantation wedding controversy</h3><br>
<p>Many former plantations open to the public allow venue rentals, most specifically for weddings. Boone Hall Plantation offers multiple buildings and locations on the property for these events. However, plantation weddings are controversial. In fact, wedding sites like the Knot stated they would cease promoting sites like Boone Plantation out of respect for the people who were enslaved at these places. Ryan Reynolds, who had a wedding at the venue in 2012, told a Fast Company reporter, "It’s impossible to reconcile. What we saw at the time was a wedding venue on Pinterest. What we saw after was a place built upon devastating tragedy. Years ago we got married again at home—but shame works in weird ways. A giant fucking mistake like that can either cause you to shut down or it can reframe things and move you into action. It doesn’t mean you won’t fuck up again. But re-patterning and challenging lifelong social conditioning is a job that doesn’t end.”</p><br>
<p>Representatives from Boone Hall Plantation issued a statement to Fox News saying, "We treasure all our relationships with couples that have chosen to get married at Boone Hall, and, when needed, respond to them in private, honest, and personal discussions to address any concerns they may have. The discussions are heartfelt as we want to listen and put love and respect at the center of any issues that arise. We will always work to be a part of the solution for our couples, not a part of the problem”.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The grounds and buildings of Boone Hall Plantation have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series:</p><br>
<p>America (1972 TV Series)</p><br>
<p>Days of Our Lives (1984)</p><br>
<p>North and South (1985 & 1986 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>Alex Haley&#39;s Queen (1993 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>Scarlett (1994 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>The Notebook (2004)</p><br>
<p>The Price of Freedom (2004 Documentary)</p><br>
<p>Reservoir Hill is a historic neighborhood in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is located south of Druid Hill Park, north of Bolton Hill, east of Penn-North, and west of Jones Falls. It is bounded by Druid Park Lake Drive, the Jones Falls Expressway, North Avenue , and McCulloh Street. It is contained in the 21217 ZIP code.</p><br>
<h2>About the area</h2><br>
<p>Reservoir Hill has some of the best examples of Victorian, Italianate and Second Empire style homes in Baltimore. The housing stock features a wide variety of nineteenth century architecture, including ornate Victorian mansions overlooking the Druid Hill Park, brownstones, and the smaller brick rowhouses that characterize much of Baltimore. Part of Reservoir Hill is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Recent restoration efforts have begun to revert the neighborhood back to its prominent stature.</p><br>
<p>Portions of Reservoir Hill are within easy walking distance of the North Avenue station on the Baltimore Light Rail line and the Penn-North station on the Baltimore Metro Subway, as well as Pennsylvania Station on Amtrak&#39;s Northeast Corridor.</p><br>
<p>During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Baltimore was the second largest port for immigrants coming to the United States behind Ellis Island of New York, and many of these immigrants lived in Reservoir Hill. Many came over from the Russian Empire (mostly Jews and Ukrainians), and certain parts of Reservoir Hill housed many migrants from other parts of Eastern Europe. The neighborhood is now majority African-American.</p><br>
<p>A synagogue originally built in Reservoir Hill by the Chizuk Amuno Congregation in 1922 is now the home of Beth Am, one of two non-Orthodox Jewish congregations located within the city limits of Baltimore.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Royal</h3><br>
<p>A section of Reservoir Hill is known as Mount Royal. It is just across North Avenue from Bolton Hill and close to the Jones Falls. It is generally more expensive and contains very well preserved homes. A portion of this has been declared the Mount Royal Terrace Historic District by Baltimore City.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Writer Gertrude Stein lived in Reservoir Hill for a short period of time on Linden Avenue, near Whitelock Street in what is also called the David Bachrach House.</p><br>
<p>Pulitzer Prize winning poet Karl Shapiro was born on Brooks Lane in Reservoir Hill. Shapiro was appointed the fifth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers and suspected spy Alger Hiss lived in the area. Hiss grew up on 1427 Linden Avenue. Chambers lived on Mount Royal Terrace just prior to his defection from the Soviet Underground in April 1938. Earlier in the 1930s, he lived on Eutaw Place. Spy photographer Felix Inslerman worked for Chambers and lived on Callow Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Mt. Royal Terrace (1890-1940)</h2><br>
<p>The Baltimore City directories from Enoch Pratt Free Library indicate that many residents of Mt. Royal lived in their homes for several decades. It was a community based neighborhood where everyone knew each other. The Baltimore City directories also show that many residents were employees of blue collar companies. Many people from these blocks were either factory workers, construction workers, electricians, police officers, nurses, etc. The historical Baltimore Sun contains a vast amount of information regarding residents of Mt. Royal Terrace between 1890 - 1940.</p><br>
<p>Many residents of Mt. Royal lived quiet hard working lives. One man named Samuel W. Filbert is an example of a common Mt. Royal resident. Filbert resided on 2200 Mt. Royal Terrace with his wife "Miss May (Filbert). Samuel, like many of the Mt. Royal residents worked a rigorous blue collar job as a construction worker for the "Filbert Paving and Construction Company." It was a family owned business located in Baltimore. Samuel was the General manager of the company until he joined the military. Like many young men, Filberts career was affected by World War I. Filbert became a soldier in the 4th Maryland Regiment where he would soon be promoted to Lieutenant - Colonel of the infantry. Filbert became a very decorated military figure in the Mt. Royal area. He was held several titles in the 4th Regiment of Maryland including Captain and Lieutenant - Colonel.</p><br>
<p>Samuel W. Filbert represented the common lifestyle of a resident in not only the Mt. Royal area, but Baltimore city during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The people in these areas were very hard working, communal, and loyal to the area. Many of the residents passed their homes off to their children, nephews, and nieces. 1890–1940 was a hard time in American history. The Great Depression greatly affected many lives during the 1920s, 30s and 40s. Many residents of Baltimore lost job opportunities. Many young men took advantage of joining the military. The Filbert Paving and Construction Company went out of business right after the stock market crash of 1929. Samuel Filbert elected to join the military in order to earn some type of wage. In the military he was fortunate enough to become very successful. Despite The Great Depression, Mt. Royal still remained very much alive.</p><br>
<h2>Eutaw Place and Madison Park</h2><br>
<p>Eutaw Place and Madison Park is also designated as a historic district. It is located on the western side of Reservoir Hill. This section of the neighborhood includes many grand houses on Eutaw Place and Madison Avenue, as well three large apartment buildings that are located directly across from Druid Hill Park on Madison and Eutaw. Chauncey Brooks&#39; mansion Cloverdale was once located in this area.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Population: 5,600 (According to the 2010 Census)</p><br>
<p>Black/African-American: 88.0%</p><br>
<p>White/Caucasian: 9.0%</p><br>
<p>Two or More Races 2.0%</p><br>
<p>Asian/Pacific Islander: 0.4%</p><br>
<p>Native American: 0.5%</p><br>
<p>Other 0.1%</p><br>
<p>The AN/FPS-35 frequency diversity radar was a long range search radar used in the early 1960s. It was one of the largest air defense radars ever produced, with its antenna and supporting structure mounted on one of the largest rolling-element bearings in the world . In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System, the radar&#39;s designation represents the 35th design of an Army-Navy fixed radar electronic device for searching.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Sperry Corporation built 12 long range radars (picking up objects 200 miles away) in the 1960s to succeed existing Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) to provide enhanced electronic countermeasures (ECM). The systems operated at 420 to 450 MHz. The antennas weighed 70 to 80 ST and had numerous problems. The concrete tower bases were 84 ft high and 60 ft square in side dimensions.</p><br>
<p>The prototype was developed at the Thomasville Aircraft Control and Warning Station in Thomasville, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The 85 foot enclosed radar towers that supported all 12 of the FPS-35 antennas were prominent landmarks. All these radar towers were of the same basic design with 10 made primarily from concrete and two based on a steel frame structure (Baker and Finley). Only the radar tower at Baker has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The 23 radar towers used by the AN/FPS-24 and the AN/FPS-35 radar sets were of similar designs (concrete or steel frame) and were designed under the direction of the Rome Air Development Center (RADC). The radar tower at Thomasville has an RADC plaque next to the one from the Sperry Corporation. Only the AN/FPS-35 tower at Baker included a radome to protect the antenna. This radome was attached to a separate steel tower called a Radome Support Structure (RSS) that surrounded the radar tower to its full height of 85 feet. With the antenna, the structure&#39;s total height is 150 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Montauk tower</h2><br>
<p>All of the radars have been dismantled except for the one at Camp Hero State Park on the eastern tip of Long Island in Montauk, New York. It was the last to operate (January 1981) and the radar tower is the only one that still has an antenna on the roof and contains some of the radar set equipment and cabinets. The antenna was repaired with parts from the Sault Ste. Marie station after it closed in October 1979. The Montauk antenna is very corroded and can not be rotated.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Fishermen on the Atlantic Ocean and Block Island Sound lobbied to save it since the massive radar tower was a better daytime landmark than the Montauk Point Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>The 150-foot tower dominates the environs and can be seen from as far away as Charlestown, Rhode Island, to the east (22 miles) and Orient Point, New York (20 miles) to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Montauk radar has worked its way into an urban legend that it was used in time travel experiments called the Montauk Project.</p><br>
<h2>List of towers</h2><br>
<p>AL Thomasville 31.9382&deg; latitude, -87.7502&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>CA Boron 35.0823&deg; latitude, -117.5823&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>MI Sault Ste. Marie 46.4565&deg; latitude, -84.3878&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>MI Selfridge 42.6275&deg; latitude, -82.8300&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>NV Fallon 39.4054&deg; latitude, -118.7224&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>NY Montauk 41.0622&deg; latitude, -71.8740&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>ND Finley 47.5161&deg; latitude, -97.8687&deg; longitude (steel tower, present)</p><br>
<p>ND Fortuna 48.9042&deg; latitude, -103.8665&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>PA Benton 41.3574&deg; latitude, -76.2930&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>VA Manassas 38.6288&deg; latitude, -77.4385&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>WI Antigo 45.048333&deg; latitude, -89.233889&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>OR Baker 44.586389&deg; latitude, -117.787222&deg; longitude (steel tower, demolished)</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, named for the Cherokee scholar Sequoyah. It is located off Kingston Pike, between the city&#39;s downtown and West Knoxville. Initially developed in the 1920s, Sequoyah Hills was one of Knoxville&#39;s first suburbs and today is home to some of the city&#39;s most affluent residents. The neighborhood contains numerous notable examples of mid-20th century residential architecture, with houses designed by architects such as Charles I. Barber, Benjamin McMurry, and Francis Keally.</p><br>
<p>Originally an agricultural area called Looneys Bend, the modern Sequoyah Hills neighborhood is largely rooted in the development efforts of 1920s-era visionary entrepreneurs E. V. Ferrell, who developed the Scenic Drive area, and Robert L. Foust, who established the "Talahi" subdivision in the vicinity of Cherokee Boulevard and Talahi Drive. Foust and Ferrell advertised their respective developments as utopian getaways where Knoxvilles elite could escape the ills of congested city life. While the Great Depression led to the financial collapse of the Talahi project and Foust&#39;s subsequent suicide, Sequoyah Hills nevertheless continued to develop over the years as Foust had envisioned.</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Boulevard was home to Knoxvilles first Dogwood Arts Trail, which was established in 1955. In 1979, the Talahi Improvements, which consist of several early landscape elements from Fousts Talahi development, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills is located on a peninsula created by a bend of the Tennessee River known as Looneys Bend. The neighborhood is bounded by the river on the east, south, and west, and by Kingston Pike (US-70/US-11) on the north, though the Kingston Pike/Sequoyah Hills Neighborhood Association includes several streets just north of Kingston Pike. The area is generally hilly, with a 10 to 15-foot bluff rising above the rivershore along most of the neighborhoods southern edge. From the edge of the bluff, the land gradually slopes upward, reaching approximately 40 ft above the river, affording houses along the upper slopes sweeping views of the river and Knoxville in the distance.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Park, which occupies most of the south side of the neighborhood, lies in the floodplain between the rivershore and base of the bluff. Cherokee Boulevard, a boulevard with a grassy median dividing the right and left lanes, runs in a U-shape around the edge of the peninsula. The other main road, Scenic Drive/Southgate Road, runs roughly north-to-south across the center of the peninsula. A small commercial center, known as Council Point, is concentrated around the intersection of Kenesaw and Keowee avenues.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>What is now Sequoyah Hills was inhabited by Native Americans as early as the Late Woodland period (c. 500&ndash;1100 A.D.), as indicated by a 1,000-year-old Indian mound that rises in the median of Cherokee Boulevard. By the 18th century, the area was under control of the Cherokee, whose Overhill towns lay along the Little Tennessee River to the southwest. The neighborhood&#39;s namesake, Sequoyah, was born in the Overhill town of Tuskegee around 1767.</p><br>
<p>In 1796, Moses Looney, who had served in various capacities with the failed State of Franklin during the 1780s, acquired a 700 acre tract of land in what is now Sequoyah Hills. He and his descendants remained on the land for several decades, and the area became known as "Looneys Bend." Other early landowners in the Sequoyah Hills area included future Knoxville mayor James Park, who purchased a 200 acre tract in 1804; William Lyon, who built a house and mill near the modern intersection of Lyons View Pike and Northshore Drive around 1810; and Drury Armstrong (builder of Crescent Bend), who acquired a large tract of land west of modern Scenic Drive in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The oldest house still extant in Sequoyah Hills, which currently stands at 715 Scenic Drive, was originally built in the 1850s as a tenant house on the farm of Allen Johnson. Around 1814 George White, son-in-law of James Park and grandson of Knoxville founder James White, built a house along what is now Woodhill Place. While this house is no longer standing, foundation remnants of a barn that accompanied the house can be seen along Scenic Drive.</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>In 1890 Francis Huger, superintendent of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway, acquired over 450 acre in Sequoyah Hills with the intent of moving a steel mill to the area. The Panic of 1893 doomed this venture, however, and the land was distributed to Hugers creditors in 1908. Knox County road commissioner Peter Blow built a house on the south bank of the river opposite Sequoyah Hills in 1910, where he operated a ferry. Blows Ferry Road, which connected the ferry to Kingston Pike, is believed to have been built along a trail that once accessed a cemetery containing the graves of Civil War soldiers and slaves.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, several Knoxville businessmen established the Cherokee Country Club on Lyons View Pike and erected a clubhouse on a hill with a commanding view of the river valley and the Great Smoky Mountains beyond. The original clubhouse was eventually demolished and replaced with the current building, designed by the noted Knoxville architectural firm Baumann and Baumann, in 1928. In 1913, trolley tracks were extended along Kingston Pike to its Lyons View Pike junction, aiding in the development of the area. What is now Sequoyah Hills was annexed by Knoxville in 1917.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of the automobile, affluent Knoxvillians began fleeing the congested urban neighborhoods for more spacious areas on the citys periphery. By 1920, several elegant residences, such as the H.L. Dulin House (1915) on Kingston Pike and the C. Powell Smith (1913) and E.C. Mahan (1920) residences on Lyons View Pike, had been built near Sequoyah Hills. In 1921, Regal Manufacturing president S. D. Coykendall commissioned noted Knoxville architectural firm Barber & McMurry to build a house on what is now Scenic Drive.</p><br>
<h3>Talahi and Sequoyah Hills</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s, E. V. Ferrell began major residential development in Sequoyah Hills. To connect his holdings along the peninsula, he built Cherokee Boulevard (named for the Indian mound in the road&#39;s median) and improved Scenic Drive as far as its modern intersection with Bluff and Southgate (a gate at this point inspired the name of the latter). Ferrell chose the name "Sequoyah Hills" to match the name of Cherokee Boulevard. By 1924, houses had been built at 901, 919, 927 and 937 Scenic Drive, and 50 lots had been sold by the end of the decade.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 Robert Foust, a partner in the real estate firm Alex McMillan Company, purchased a 100 acre tract of land on the southeast section of Looney&#39;s Bend with plans to develop a premier subdivision for Knoxville. Foust envisioned a neighborhood for those "who insist upon and can afford the best," and where "all the ugliness of city life has been shut out." He named the new subdivision "Talahi," Cherokee for "standing oak forest." The new neighborhood, Foust believed, would bring together "an Indian past, a technical future, and a natural forest setting."</p><br>
<p>Foust recruited landscape designer Earle S. Draper to oversee Talahis complex landscape designs. The plans called for curvilinear streets, preservation of mature trees wherever possible, and underground utilities. Lot sizes were to be no less than 5,000 square feet and were restricted to single-family homes. Fousts restrictions called for all houses to be built in English Cottage or American Colonial Revival styles (this restriction was abandoned by subsequent developers). A country club was to be built along the river bank.</p><br>
<p>Between 1927 and 1929, Foust constructed several landscape features, including entrance pylons, fountains, and a park (Papoose Park). Talahi was opened to sales in the spring of 1929. Only one lot&mdash;940 Cherokee Boulevard&mdash;was sold before the stock market crashed later that year. In the early 1930s, lots in Talahi, originally marketed in the $4,000 to $10,000 range, were selling for just $600. His finances in ruins, Foust committed suicide in September 1933.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings and structures</h2><br>
<h3>Talahi Improvements</h3><br>
<p>Before the stock market crash ruined his development efforts in 1929, Foust managed to complete several landscape improvements in the proposed Talahi subdivision. These include gateposts at either end of the subdivision along Cherokee Boulevard, two fountains, a park, streetlight standards, and stone benches. The roads were originally paved in concrete, which has been preserved along parts of Talahi Drive, Iskagna Drive, and Taliluna Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Talahi Improvements are concentrated primarily between the intersections of Talahi Drive and Cherokee Boulevard and Talahi Drive and Taliluna Avenue, with islands in both intersections containing the two fountains, called "Sunhouse Fountain" and "Panther Fountain," respectively. Papoose Park, which is surrounded by an iron fence, is situated in the median along Talahi Drive between the two intersections. Stone walls with inset benches form a broken circle around the Cherokee Boulevard/Talahi Drive intersection, with the north walls opening toward Papoose Park, and the south walls opening toward the lake, where the proposed country club was to be built.</p><br>
<p>Sunhouse Fountain is a circular stone fountain with twelve small posts, each decorated with a sunburst motif, and each originally surmounted by a bronze frog (the frogs have since been removed). Panther Fountain is a circular fountain with a central obelisk resting atop a base of varying geometric shapes. Water was discharged through panther heads on each of the four sides of the base. Cherokee motifs decorate the gateposts, pylons, and fountains, suggesting inspiration from both Cherokee folklore and the Art Deco movement&#39;s emphasis on abstract figures.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>The Jenkins House on Cherokee Boulevard, built in 1955 and designed by noted Knoxville architect Ben McMurry, Jr., of the firm Barber & McMurry. In 2008, the magazine Oxford American profiled this house in its list of the best modern homes of the southeast.</p><br>
<p>University of Tennessee presidents house (940 Cherokee Boulevard), a Georgian Revival-style house built by Nashville surgeon Walter S. Nash in the 1930s after the Nash family home in downtown Knoxville was demolished for the construction of the Knoxville Post Office. Nash purchased the sole lot in Talahi before Fousts company collapsed into financial ruin. The University of Tennessee purchased the house in 1960 from Nash&#39;s son-in-law and daughter, Ray Jenkins and Eva Nash Jenkins, and used it as its presidential mansion until 2009.</p><br>
<p>Thomas House (715 Scenic Drive), the oldest extant house in Sequoyah Hills, originally built in the 1850s as a tenant house on the farm of Allen Johnson. The Towle family purchased the farm in 1899 and in turn sold it to developer N.E. Logan in 1923.</p><br>
<p>726 Scenic Drive, a one-story Minimal Traditional-style Gunnison home built in 1948. Gunnison homes were a type of prefabricated house popular in the years following World War II.</p><br>
<p>934 Scenic Drive, a 2.5-story Tudor Revival-style house built in 1928, designed by landscape architect Elizabeth Dunlap.</p><br>
<p>937 Scenic Drive, a two-story Neoclassical-style house built in 1924, designed by the architectural firm Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>1029 Scenic Drive, a two-story Neoclassical-style house built in 1930, designed Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Lockett House (1065 Scenic Drive), a two-story Neoclassical-style house built in 1931, designed by the architectural firm Baumann and Baumann. The property includes an old log cabin moved from Jefferson County.</p><br>
<p>1079 Scenic Drive, a two-story art moderne house built in 1935, designed by Dunlap.</p><br>
<p>1119 Scenic Drive, a 1.5-story Tudor Revival-style house built in 1940 for Dr. Clifford E. Barbour, designed by architect Francis Keally and landscape architect Arthur F. Brinkerhoff.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>Sequoyah Elementary School, the original part of which (facing Sagwa Drive) was built in 1929, designed by the architectural firm Barber McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills Presbyterian Church, founded in 1947; the current church building was completed in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Notable residents of Sequoyah Hills have included Senator Howard H. Baker, Jr., businessman Jim Clayton (owner of Clayton Homes), author Alex Haley, members of the Haslam family including Governor Bill Haslam, author Cormac McCarthy, actress Patricia Neal, Tennessee Volunteers football coach Robert R. Neyland, actor David Keith, Knoxville mayors George Roby Dempster and Benjamin Morton, and photographer James Edward Thompson.</p><br>
<p>Welkinweir is a 197 acre nonprofit arboretum, garden, mansion, and conservation area that is located at 1368 Prizer Road, East Nantmeal Township, Pennsylvania, United States. Situated near Pottstown, it is part of the Hopewell Big Woods and is open to the public daily without charge.</p><br>
<h2>History and notable features</h2><br>
<p>Welkinweir was the home of Everett and Grace Rodebaugh, founding members of the conservation-minded Green Valleys Association. They bought the site during the 1930s and spent decades improving it. Their house was erected in 1940, built upon a much smaller house in two sections circa 1750 and 1830. The architect, Fridtjof Tobiessen, designed the 1940 mansion.</p><br>
<p>The property was placed into a conservation easement in 1976, donated to the association in 1997, and is now its headquarters and educational center. In 2001, the estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its arboretum includes cherry, dogwood, dwarf evergreens, franklinia, magnolia, Japanese maple, swamp and sugar maple, and sweetgum, as well as azaleas and rhododendrons.</p><br>
<p>Butchers Hill is a neighborhood in Southeast Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is north of Fells Point, east of Washington Hill, and northwest of Patterson Park. It is south of Fayette Street, west of Patterson Park Avenue, north of Pratt Street, and east of Washington Street. It is in the 21231 zip code.</p><br>
<p>Established as a village before the Civil War, Butchers Hill was once home to butchers and poultry preparers, many of them German American and Jewish American. It was once more affluent than nearby Fells Point, as reflected in its generally larger rowhouses. Butchers Hill is near more gentrified sections of Fells Point, Patterson Park, and Johns Hopkins Hospital. A portion of it is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unlike most Baltimore neighborhoods, which developed as outgrowth from areas near the harbor, streams, or water mills, or as cross-roads trading settlements, Butchers Hill was long a geographically isolated and prosperous trading village.</p><br>
<p>The area had been home to humans for thousands of years when the first people of European heritage arrived in the 17th century. In 1667, Quinton Parker and his fiance, Mary Onley, claimed a 100-acre tract of land in the area, though they soon conveyed it to John Kemp, who used it as a plantation Kemp sold it in 1683, to Nicholas Rogers, who built a house and was the first person of European heritage to live in the area. Nicholass son, William, inherited the land and began to develop it. Bu 1803, the neighborhood was as Hampstead Hill, after the similarly hilly Hampstead Heath in London. Williams son, Benjamin, fell into debt, and the land was sold at sheriffs auction to Irish American shipping magnate William Patterson. Patterson never lived in the area, but he and his family are primarily responsible for the areas development in the 1800s. Patterson leased land to butcher and innkeeper Jacob Loundenslager. Until 1835, the area was known as "Loundenslager&#39;s Hill."</p><br>
<p>Over time, other butchers, poultry preparers, and tanners moved in, many of whom were German and/or Jewish. The city would not allow them in other neighborhoods and kept them on the outskirts due to the objectionable nature of their professions and often unpleasant odors. Eventually, the neighborhood was renamed for their line of work.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Douglass wrote that when he first arrived in Baltimore in 1826 as an 8-year-old enslaved child named Fred Bailey, he stepped off a sloop from Talbot County at Smith&#39;s Wharf and was instructed to take a flock of sheep to Butchers Hill.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the area prospered. Patterson Park was used for Union encampment and military hospitals. Butchers in the area provided meat to the Union troops and prospered financially. One such butcher was Jacob J. Blankard, who built a mansion in the area that is now known as the Blankard-Gunther House.</p><br>
<p>Development of Butchers Hill intensified after the Civil War. Previously, there had been freestanding homes and slaughterhouses, but by 1865, those were gone and the area was redeveloped. The redeveloped area is distinct from other Baltimore neighborhoods because individual homes were built at different times by different people, which provided the area with a variety of unique architectural styles and less uniformity that other neighborhoods with row housing. Instead of large blocks of rowhouses like in other neighborhoods, development in Butchers Hill progressed in more modest efforts of small clusters at a time. Butchers Hill also has larger homes built by particularly affluent residents. Construction of the buildings largely occurred between 1850 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1920s, the last of the butchers had moved and the neighborhood was largely home to immigrants. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Butchers Hill was a thriving Jewish neighborhood home to dentists, doctors, lawyers and merchants. Synogogues and social clubs were established. The Blankard-Gunther House became for a while a Jewish home for indigent people. Residences were converted to include storefronts.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the neighborhood experienced decline. Because of its proximity to large defense plants in southeastern Baltimore, the population exploded with many larger homes being subdivided into multiple small apartments to accommodate more workers. In the post-war years, like many urban areas nationally, there was disinvestment, the suburbs attracted many city dwellers, and the Jewish residents of Butchers Hill largely moved to the northwest portion of Baltimore. They were replaced primarily by poorer people, especially internal migrants from Appalachia.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, there were urban revitalization efforts, which were mostly sensitive to the historic nature of Butchers Hill. The Butchers Hill Association was established in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the neighborhood was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. For a while, the neighborhood&#39;s name had fallen into disfavor and was just referred to as "East Baltimore" or the area around Patterson Park. A real estate marketing effort, however, resurrected the "Butchers Hill" name, which is still used.</p><br>
<p>Today, Butcher&#39;s Hill is a thriving, prosperous neighborhood. In the 21st century, the neighborhood is popular among young professionals, artists, and students, residents, and staff at the nearby Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital. It is one of the neighborhoods where full-time employees of Johns Hopkins may apply for "Live Near Your Work" grants toward down payments on homes.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2010, there were 1,967 people living in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Butchers Hill was 51.9% White, 25.4% African American, 3.3% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 3.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.7% of the population. 43.6% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 24.6% of housing units were vacant. Butchers Hill is a popular neighborhood for students from the nearby Johns Hopkins medical campus.</p><br>
<p>74.6% of the population were employed, 2.3% were unemployed, and 23.1% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $36,636. About 23.9% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>Butchers Hill is home to many Irish-Americans, Polish-Americans, and Ukrainian-Americans, as well as African-Americans, Lumbee Native Americans, and a growing Hispanic and Latino population.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, the third book of Laura Lippmans series focusing on Baltimore detective, Tess Monaghan, was entitled Butchers Hill. The title derives from the location of the protagonists new office. Monaghan is at the helm of a fledgling detective agency and has had to open up shop in a neighborhood described as having had a prosperous past with beautiful homes, but is currently lower income and plagued by crime. Monaghan is repeatedly encouraged to keep her gun with her and her office is broken into. The protagonist is white and stands out in the neighborhood for that reason. Her first two clients are Black.</p><br>
<p>Mullan Road was the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the Inland of the Pacific Northwest. It was built by USA Army troops under the command of Lt. John Mullan, between the spring of 1859 and summer 1860. It led from Fort Benton, which at the time was in the Dakota Territory, then Idaho Territory from July 1863, and into Montana Territory beginning in May 1864. The road eventually stretched all the way from Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory, near the Columbia River to the navigational head of the Missouri River, which at the time was the farthest inland port in the world). The road previewed the route approximately followed by modern-day Interstate 15 and Interstate 90 through present-day Montana, Idaho, and Washington.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the Mullan Road can still be traveled; one such section is near Washtucna, Washington.</p><br>
<p>A segment of the Mullan Road in the vicinity of Benton Lake was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and the American Society of Civil Engineers designated it a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1977. Three segments of the road in Idaho were also listed on the National Register in 1990. In 2009, the Point of Rocks segment in Montana was also listed on the National Register as part of the Point of Rocks Historic Transportation Corridor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1852 the US government began to think about building an overland route to the Pacific Ocean to help settle the area with pioneers and eliminate any claims that France, England or Russia had on the disputed territories. Despite the Lewis and Clark expedition, little detail was known about the country. Isaac Ingalls Stevens, a West Point graduate appointed the first governor of the Washington Territory, was ordered to survey a route from the Missouri River to the Columbia River suitable for building a railroad. Stevens assumed the task, but also kept in mind that the route should be suitable for a wagon road.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1853, Congress authorized a USA Army expedition, led by Stevens. It was made up of engineers and explorers; they organized near St. Paul, Minnesota. They were to detail the geographical and topographical character of the country. Among them was a small, dark-haired young man, Lieutenant John Mullan; just a year out of West Point, he was anxious to prove his mettle as an engineer.</p><br>
<p>Mullan was placed in charge of surveying, and later improving, a wagon route (now commonly called the Mullan Road) between Fort Benton (Montana) and Fort Walla Walla (Washington). Lieutenant Mullan, a topographical engineer, began gathering information in 1854. Delayed by the Yakima War which ended in 1858, construction began in 1859 from Fort Walla Walla in what was then Washington Territory. Lieutenant Mullan commanded a workforce of more than 200, including civilian workers, surveyors, engineers, and soldiers who carved a 25 ft road across the region.</p><br>
<p>After the difficult project was completed in 1860, floods wiped out substantial stretches of the road. It was re-routed in 1861. Floods again damaged the road, and ultimately, no provision for maintenance was provided.</p><br>
<p>Although the road was never heavily used by the military, it was an important conduit for civilian passage, which hastened settling of the northwestern United States. In the first year after completion, it was used by an estimated 20,000 people, 6,000 horses and mules, 5,000 cattle and 83 wagons. The discovery of gold in North Central Idaho in 1860 by Capt. E.D. Pierce contributed to this usage, making Lewiston, Washington Territory, the largest town in the Pacific Northwest and the capital of the new Idaho Territory beginning July 4, 1863. The Mullan Road helped Walla Walla become the largest town in Washington Territory by 1870, with a population of 1,394. The road continued to serve as an important route until the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1883 provided faster and more convenient access to the region.</p><br>
<h2>Route of the Mullan Road</h2><br>
<p>From the origin at Fort Benton, Montana, the Mullan Road proceeded:</p><br>
<p>West from Fort Benton, it passed north of Great Falls</p><br>
<p>Dropping south to cross the continental divide west of Helena (following a path through Mullan Pass at 5,902 ft, immediately north of that now traveled by US 12)</p><br>
<p>Just west of Garrison, it joined the route used by the future US 10 (present-day Interstate 90) (similar to the US 12 transition to join Interstate 90 today)</p><br>
<p>Along the Clark Fork River near the ghost town of Bearmouth, also along the future US 10</p><br>
<p>It remained with the future US 10 route as it passed through Missoula, proceeding west through Montana. The Mullan Road through the Missoula Valley, slightly south of the former US 10 and still in use today as S-263, fostered rapid growth for the burgeoning city, and allowed the USA Army to establish Fort Missoula in 1877. One stretch from St. Regis to Henderson north of today&#39;s Interstate 90 is still in use as Old Mullan Road and Mullan Gulch Road.</p><br>
<p>From the Taft area, it crossed the Bitterroot Range into Idaho over St. Regis Pass (named Sohon Pass by John Mullan) (47.450&deg; latitude, -115.721&deg; longitude) at 4,926 ft, about 1.3 mi west-southwest of Lookout Pass, where I-90 crosses the state line.</p><br>
<p>From the middle of the Idaho crossing, the road deviates from present-day major roads. The Mullan Road went southwesterly in Idaho to pass south of Lake Coeur d&#39;Alene</p><br>
<p>The road then passed into Washington some distance south of Spokane</p><br>
<p>From there, the Mullan Road passed through the Palouse country and then the scablands of eastern Washington.</p><br>
<p>It passed through Benge, that section of the road was completed May 22, 1861; the wagon ruts were still visible in 2008, just northeast of town at the site of the First Benge School.</p><br>
<p>South of Benge, there is a stretch of the former road still labeled Mullan Road. This gravel section travels southwesterly until it meets State Route 26 near Washtucna.</p><br>
<p>The portion of Mullan Road south of SR 26 in Washington, which follows the course of the Palouse River as it descends to the Snake River, has been reverted to grazing and is not accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>After crossing the Snake River near the confluence with the Palouse River, the Mullan Road continues south along the Fort Walla Walla Fort Colville Military Road to its terminus at Fort Walla Walla near Walla Walla.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site is a historic county courthouse located in Mount Pulaski, Illinois, United States. It was the county seat of Logan County from 1848 until 1855. It is one of only two remaining courthouses from Illinois&#39;s Eighth Circuit, the circuit on which central Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln carried out much of his practice of law. The courthouse is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site. Visitors are given guided tours of the recreated county offices and courtroom.</p><br>
<h2>1848-1855: courthouse</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 1848, the people of Logan County used a frame courthouse, now the Postville Courthouse State Historic Site, located close to the center of the county at Postville. Frame courthouses were especially vulnerable to fire, and county leaders began looking for a community that would subsidize the construction of a masonry structure. Mount Pulaski citizens combined to contribute $2,700 toward the $3,000 for a new structure. This two-story brick building stands today as the Mount Pulaski Courthouse. The Greek Revival building features pediments spanning the length of the building and pilasters at each corner.</p><br>
<p>When the new courthouse was built in 1848, Abraham Lincoln of nearby Springfield was representing central Illinois in the USA House of Representatives. Returning to Illinois in 1849, he resumed the practice of law in the Eighth Circuit, and often visited the Mount Pulaski courthouse. Mount Pulaski is located 25 miles (40 km) north of Springfield, a day&#39;s journey by the horse and light buggy that Lincoln used.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pulaski is located in the southeastern quarter of Logan County. In the early 1850s, developers built a railroad, which would become the Chicago and Alton Railroad, northeastward from Springfield through Logan County. The new railroad became the focus of county development, and it did not go near Mount Pulaski. The railroad and county leaders agreed to move the Logan County seat once again, to a location very near the center of the county and directly on the new railroad line. The new county seat was named Lincoln, Illinois, after lawyer Lincoln, who by this time had made many friends throughout the county. The decision was affirmed by county voters in a referendum in 1853, and the court and county government had moved away by 1855.</p><br>
<p>County leaders fear of fire proved to be well-founded in 1857, when a blaze destroyed the relocated county records, including the dockets of the Logan County circuit court. As a result, very little is known of Lincolns specific legal cases in Logan County during the Mount Pulaski interval.</p><br>
<h2>After 1855</h2><br>
<p>Mount Pulaski only served as the county seat until 1853, when it moved to Lincoln, so the courthouse only served in its intended capacity for five years. After 1853, the building served as a school, the Mount Pulaski city hall and jail, and the local post office.</p><br>
<p>Illinois Governor Henry Horner launched a statewide search in the 1930s for surviving public buildings with which Lincoln had been familiar. Mount Pulaski gave the old brick courthouse building to the state of Illinois in 1936, and the state extensively restored it in 1936&ndash;1939 to resemble its function as the county courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1978, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. According to a member of the Logan County planning commission at the time, the building "ranks among the finest and best-preserved pre-1850 buildings in the state."</p><br>
<p>Longue Vue Island is an island located in the Thousand Islands region on the Saint Lawrence River. The island is on the American side of the river, adjacent to the St. Lawrence Seaway channel in Northern New York. It is a part of the Town of Alexandria, in Jefferson County, New York. It is the only artificial island in the entire region.</p><br>
<p>The original owner of the house was Hudson Rose, a New York City lumber dealer. The island was originally named Rossette after Rose. The home was bought in the mid-1920s by Temple Berdan, and was empty from 1932 to 1939. Lewis Dollinger purchased the home from Berdan&#39;s estate. It was later owned by the Dollinger Corporation and, after the tax laws were changed in the 1970s, was owned by the son of Dollinger Corporation founder Lewis Dollinger, F. Leslie Dollinger for many years. It was sold in 1994 to Arizona businessman Al Wareing, who is the current owner.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction drawings for Mr. and Mrs. Hudson P. Rose were provided by architects Barney and Chapman of New York and were approved on April 26, 1905. The first contract for materials was by the Otis Brooks Lumber Company of Clayton, New York and was signed on July 15, 1905. The May 3, 1905 edition of the Watertown Daily Times reported that Mr. & Mrs Hudson P. Rose were to have a home built on their property near point Vivian the following season. The home and boathouse that are situated on it were built in 1906. The island was constructed on four rock shoals, by building a rock wall around the shoals from a nearby quarry, then filling the area in with rock and soil. The construction was done by Barney & Chapman.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, construction was done to the boathouse to repair it, as the building was starting to fall into the river. New rock walls were placed in the building to stop the descent and the level of the island was raised by about 1 ft by adding another level of rock, soil, and grass seed. The upstairs of the boathouse was also altered to include a full wet-bar, and deck space was located onto the roof. No alteration construction work may be done on the outside of the house, as it is registered on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Island layout</h2><br>
<p>The island has an approximately 7,000 ft&sup2; house on the center. The boathouse, while smaller, has three boat slips, which have held as many as six boats over the years. The second floor includes a game room with wet bar. The flagpole (which was originally on the top of the house) is on the western tip of the island and has a plaque next to it noting the fact that the founder of Dollinger Corporation, Lewis Dollinger, died on the island. There is plenty of lawn space on the island, and swimming space, including a dock and a water slide.</p><br>
<p>The three-story home includes a kitchen, small breakfast room, large living room, dining room, and large porch surrounding the house on two sides on the first floor. The second and third floors are mostly bedrooms and bathrooms. In addition to the four-sided open stairwell, the second floor is connected to the kitchen on the first floor via a small spiral stairway hidden behind a closet door, presumably intended for servant use. Within the basement of the house, one of the three shoals the island was built on can be seen sticking out of the floor and wall.</p><br>
<p>The island is within a short boat ride of Boldt Castle, a castle constructed around 1900, left unfinished in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The island also has a collection of flags which are flown at certain times during the summer. The flags are of all the different countries in the world. These flags are flown around the exterior of the island. In addition to the country flags, there is a flag for every state. These flags are on display during the Fourth of July weekend as well as Labor Day weekend.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost stories about Longue Vue Island</h2><br>
<p>The current owners of Longue Vue Island have declared that they have seen the ghost of Lewis Dollinger roaming the house at night time. The son of former owner Leslie Dollinger, Doug Dollinger, also has believed to have stated that he saw the painting of Lewis Dollinger that used to be in the dining room come alive at night time and tell him to get off the island back in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Birmingham Civil Rights District is an area of downtown Birmingham, Alabama where several significant events in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s took place. The district was designated by the City of Birmingham in 1992 and covers a six-block area.</p><br>
<p>Landmarks in the district include:</p><br>
<p>16th Street Baptist Church, where the students involved in the 1963 Birmingham campaign and its Children&#39;s Crusade were trained by SCLC activist James Bevel and left in groups of 50 to march on City Hall, and where four young African American girls were killed and 22 churchgoers were injured in a bombing on September 15, 1963.</p><br>
<p>Kelly Ingram Park, where many protests by blacks were held, often resulting in recrimination by Birmingham police, including the famous 1963 scenes of policemen turning back young protesters with fire hoses and police dogs. News coverage of the police attack in this park helped turn the tide of public opinion in the United States against legalized segregationist policies. Several sculptures in the park depict scenes from those police riots.</p><br>
<p>The Fourth Avenue Business District, where much of the citys black businesses and entertainment venues were located; the area was the hub of the black community for many years. The business district includes A. G. Gastons Booker T. Washington Insurance Co. and the Gaston Motel, a meeting place for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights during the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Carver Theatre, once a popular motion picture theater for blacks in Birmingham, now renovated as a live-performance theater and home of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, a museum which chronicles the events, actions, and victories of the Civil Rights Movement, opened in 1993.</p><br>
<p>On March 21, 2016, Rep. Terri Sewell introduced to the United States House of Representatives H.R. 4817, a bill that would designate the Birmingham Civil Rights District as a National Historical Park. On March 28, 2016, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Federal Lands. However, a portion of the district was designated by executive order by President Obama as the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument on January 12, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Brown Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge in Shrewsbury, Vermont. Located in the northwestern part of the town, it carries Upper Cold River Road over the Cold River. It was closed to vehicular traffic in 2011 due to damage from Hurricane Irene and reopened on July 5, 2016. Built in 1880 by noted Vermont bridgewright Nichols M. Powers, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2014, cited as one of the finest and least-altered examples of a Town lattice truss covered bridge in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brown Covered Bridge is set in a remote wooded ravine in northwestern Shrewsbury, about 5 mi southeast of Rutland, Vermont. The bridge is a single span lattice truss of a type patented by architect Ithiel Town in 1820. It is 100 ft in length, and rests on stone abutments that have been capped in concrete. One of the abutments includes an extremely large boulder, a clear adaptation of the bridge to its location. The bridge is believed to be the only standing covered bridge in the United States with a slate roof, a once-common local variant feature of area covered bridges. It has vertical weatherboard siding, with a small opening at the eaves. The bridge has a roadway width of 13 ft. The bridge has received only routine maintenance throughout its lifespan, most recently in 2002, when it was resided and its abutments treated. The Brown Bridge sustained minor damage from flooding caused by Tropical Storm Irene in 2011, and was closed. It was slated for rehabilitation after a 2008 inspection.</p><br>
<p>This bridge was not the first to stand on the site, with maps of the area showing a crossing here as early as the mid 19th century. The location is about 100 yd northwest of the home of George Brown, for whom the bridge was named. It was built in 1880 at a cost of less than $1100, by Nichols M. Powers, a noted Vermont bridgewright who then lived in nearby Clarendon. It is the last bridge known to have been built by Powers, who died in 1897. Powers&#39; most famous work, the Old Blenheim Bridge in Schoharie, New York, was destroyed by flooding caused by Irene in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is one of about 110 surviving Town lattice truss bridges built before 1955, and was identified as one of a few high-quality covered bridges in a nationwide survey conducted by the National Park Service in the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>The Bartonsville Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge in the village of Bartonsville, in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. The bridge is a lattice truss style with a 151-foot span, carrying Lower Bartonsville Road over the Williams River. It was built in 2012, replacing a similar bridge built in 1870 by Sanford Granger. The 1870 bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was destroyed in 2011 in flooding caused by Hurricane Irene.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built after the great flood of 1869 that changed the course of the river, replacing another covered bridge about 1/4 mile up the road where the river used to flow. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was located on Lower Bartonsville Road, a paved road a short distance north from Vermont Route 103. Nearby, to the east, is the Worrall Covered Bridge, also built by Granger.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, a Town of Rockingham gravel truck fell through the bridge cutting off cars from Lower Bartonsville Village from the direct link to Vermont Route 103 until the floor was replaced. In the early 1980s extensive renovations were conducted on the bridge, including replacing the abutment on the north side of the bridge, reinforcing the original stone abutments on the south side of the bridge, and replacing the roof and the weathered siding.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction by Hurricane Irene and replacement</h3><br>
<p>On August 28, 2011, the bridge was destroyed by flash flooding caused by excessive rainfall from Hurricane Irene&#39;s landfall on the USA East Coast. An effort to</p><br>
<p>rebuild the structure was supported by town officials, who voted to use the bridge&#39;s insurance money to build another covered bridge.</p><br>
<p>The new bridge was opened on January 26, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Worrall Covered Bridge, also known as the Woralls Bridge or Worral Bridge is a wooden covered bridge carrying Williams Road across the Williams River in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. Built about 1870, it is the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town, after the Hall Covered Bridge collapsed in 1980 and was replaced in 1982, and the Bartonsville Covered Bridge was washed away by Hurricane Irene in 2011 and replaced in 2012-2013. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The bridge was damaged by the flooding on July 10, 2023, and its fate has not yet been decided.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Worrall Covered Bridge is located on Williams Road, a dirt road a short distance north of Vermont Route 103, that generally parallels the Williams River on its north side, while VT 103 follows the river on the south side. The bridge is a Town lattice truss structure, with a total span of 82 ft and a total structure length of 87 ft. The trusses rest on stone abutments that have been reinforced with concrete, and the road bed (14 ft wide, or one lane) has been reinforced with laminated beams. It is topped by a gabled metal roof, and is sheathed in vertical board siding, with openings on its south side to improve traffic visibility. The bridge includes one rare feature — a wooden ramp leading up to the northwest entrance.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1870 by Sanford Granger, a local master builder. Of seventeen 19th-century bridges once located in the town, it is the only one that remains. At the time of its National Register listing in 1973, there were three such bridges in Rockingham, but the other two have since been destroyed and replaced with new covered bridges (see above).</p><br>
<p>The Kingsley Covered Bridge  is a wooden covered bridge carrying East Street across the Mill River in Clarendon, Vermont. Built about 1870, it is the town&#39;s only surviving 19th-century covered bridge. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kingsley Covered Bridge is located west of Vermont Route 103 and just under the landing strip for the Rutland Airport on East Street Extension off Gorge Road, a paved road that turns to dirt after crossing the bridge. It is adjacent to the Kingsley Grist Mill Historic District, consisting of a restored mill and houses. The bridge has a 3-ton weight limit.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is a single-span Town lattice truss structure, 121 ft long and 17.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 14 ft (one lane). The trusses rest on abutments that have been faced in concrete. The exterior is finished in vertical board siding, which extends from the sides, around the portals, and just inside the portals. It has a roof of corrugated metal.</p><br>
<p>The bridge bears a sign claiming to have been built in 1836, but the National Register nomination claims a construction date of about 1870. The bridge was built by Timothy K. Horton (1814-1896), and is the town&#39;s last surviving 19th-century bridge. The site has apparently had a bridge since the late 18th century, with references to a crossing being authorized there in 1788.</p><br>
<p>The Ulrich Walser House is a house located at 711 North 2nd Street in Alma, Wisconsin, United States. It was constructed in 1895 by Ulrich Walser and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Ulrich Walser, a prominent builder, lived in this house until his death in 1950. It was constructed in Queen Anne style. The building is currently a private residence.</p><br>
